General Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive flashcards covering the definitions, history, scope, drug use process, laboratory interpretation, nutrition, and safety principles of clinical pharmacy.

When and where did clinical pharmacy start practicing within hospitals?

Clinical pharmacy started in the 1960s, first inside hospitals in the United States.

What is the abridged definition of clinical pharmacy?

The branch of pharmacy that deals with the safe and rational use of drugs in patients.

According to the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), what is clinical pharmacy?

A health science discipline in which pharmacists provide patient care that optimizes medication therapy and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention.

How is Pharmaceutical care defined?

A co-operative, patient-centred system for achieving specific and positive patient outcomes from the responsible provision of medicines.

What does Medicines management encompass?

The way in which medicines are selected, procured, delivered, prescribed, administered and reviewed to optimise outcomes of patient care.

What is the difference between clinical pharmacy and traditional dispensing pharmacy?

Traditional dispensing is passive and responds to a prescription, whereas clinical pharmacy is active and takes part in shaping the prescription before, during, and after it is written.

What is the primary difference between a clinical pharmacist and a clinical pharmacologist?

Clinical pharmacology is largely a research and teaching science, while clinical pharmacy is a hands-on, patient care practice carried out in real time.

What are the nine steps in the drug use process?

1. Need assessment, 2. Drug selection, 3. Dose and regimen design, 4. Prescribing, 5. Dispensing, 6. Administration, 7. Monitoring, 8. Review and follow up, 9. Education and counseling.

List four drug use process indicators suggested by the World Health Organization.

1. Average number of drugs per prescription, 2. Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name, 3. Percentage of prescriptions with an antibiotic, 4. Percentage of prescriptions with an injection.

Which drugs are specifically mentioned as requiring dosing schedules due to a narrow therapeutic margin?

Digoxin, aminoglycosides, vancomycin, phenytoin, and theophylline.

What are the components of the 'Ionic mechanism of toxicity' at the cellular level?

A toxin may block energy supply ($ATP$) to the sodium-potassium pump, causing sodium and water influx (cell swelling) and calcium influx, which activates destructive enzymes.

What does the abbreviation ABVD stand for?

Adriamycin (Doxorubicin), Bleomycin, Vinblastine, and Dacarbazine.

In clinical pharmacy, what is the meaning of MIC?

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration: The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that stops the visible growth of bacteria.

What is the meaning of the medical term 'Dyschezia'?

Difficulty or pain while passing stool, often felt as a problem with the act of emptying the bowel.

What is 'Xenotransplantation'?

The transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs from one species into another, such as from an animal into a human.

What is the normal range for Serum Sodium ($Na$)?

$135$ to $145\,mEq/L$

What is the normal range for Serum Potassium ($K$)?

$3.5$ to $5.0\,mEq/L$

What is the normal range for Serum Calcium ($Ca$)?

$8.5$ to $10.5\,mg/dL$

What is the normal range for Serum Magnesium ($Mg$)?

$1.7$ to $2.2\,mg/dL$

What is the clinical significance of a high Serum Creatinine level?

It is a key sign of falling kidney function and is used to adjust drug doses. Normal range: Men $0.7$ to $1.3\,mg/dL$, Women $0.6$ to $1.1\,mg/dL$.

Which liver enzyme is considered more specific for liver damage?

ALT (SGPT), which rises in hepatitis and drug-induced liver injury. Normal range: $7$ to $56\,U/L$.

What is the normal range for Prothrombin Time (PT)?

$11$ to $13.5\,seconds$

What are the Harris Benedict equations for calculating Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

For men: $BMR = 66 + (13.8 \times \text{weight in kg}) + (5 \times \text{height in cm}) - (6.8 \times \text{age in years})$. For women: $BMR = 655 + (9.6 \times \text{weight in kg}) + (1.8 \times \text{height in cm}) - (4.7 \times \text{age in years})$.

How is Total Daily Expenditure (TDE) calculated?

$$TDE = BMR \times \text{activity factor} \times \text{stress factor}$$

What does Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) supply?

Dextrose (carbohydrate), amino acids (protein), lipid emulsion (fat), electrolytes (sodium, potassium, etc.), vitamins, trace elements, and water.

What are the three types of clinical pharmacy literature?

Primary (original research like RCTs), Secondary (indexes/abstracts like PubMed), and Tertiary (textbooks/databases like UpToDate).

What does the PICO method stand for in formulating research questions?

Patient, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome.

Identify the four main types of drug interactions.

1. Pharmacokinetic, 2. Pharmacodynamic, 3. Drug-Food, 4. Drug-Disease.

What are the five classifications of medication errors based on the medicine-use process?

1. Prescribing, 2. Transcribing, 3. Dispensing, 4. Administration, 5. Monitoring.

What does the abbreviation SOAP stand for in patient progress notes?

Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan.