International CJ - Quiz 2

What is policing?

The prevention, control, and prosecution of crime and the maintenance of public order by professionals employed by a state.

three terms used to describe organized police entities

The police, militia, and gendarmerie.

is the principal authority of police within a state

The competence and authority to use force while performing their functions.

Do policing systems look the same in every country?

No. Systems and arrangements for policing differ among countries.

the four specific functions police officers are authorized to perform

Conduct criminal investigations, execute search warrants, make arrests, and carry firearms.

What are police officers authorized to do regarding search warrants?

Execute search warrants.

What are police officers authorized to do regarding criminal activity?

Conduct criminal investigations and make arrests.

When did organized policing begin in England?

The 19th century.

three factors that contributed to the development of organized policing in England

Increasing crime rates, failure of parish constables, and the use of the military to control public riots.

What was the London Metropolitan Police Service commonly called?

The bobbies.

Who established the London Metropolitan Police Service in 1829?

Sir Robert Peel.

Why is the London Metropolitan Police Service historically significant?

It established the roots of the modern police system.

one major goal of Sir Robert Peel's police system

To discourage crime.

What policing practice was associated with Sir Robert Peel's system?

Preventive patrol.

What countries are associated with the continental policing model?

France, Italy, and Spain.

What are the origins of continental policing?

The Roman colonial system.

Is continental policing centralized or decentralized?

Centralized.

How does the jurisdiction of continental police compare with the Anglo-American model?

Continental police generally have wider jurisdiction.

an example of a responsibility continental police may have beyond traditional policing.

Tax collection.

a major characteristic of continental policing

It is militaristic and closely tied to government.

one criticism of continental policing

It may lack accountability to the public or law.

What does a bureaucratic police organization have?

A chain of command.

common functions of a bureaucratic police organization

Patrol, traffic control, and criminal investigation.

an example of a specialist police unit

SWAT

non-bureaucratic alternatives to traditional police organization

Decentralization, flat organizational structures, matrix structures, and the hospital model.

What does decentralization of manpower mean?

Distributing authority and personnel rather than concentrating them within a traditional hierarchy.

flat organizational structure

A structure that eliminates middle management ranks

matrix structure

A structure where experts meet and work together in teams.

the "hospital model" of policing

A model involving wide discretion and a peer review panel.

Is the Brazilian Policia Militar centralized or decentralized?

Decentralized.

Is the Indian Police Service centralized or decentralized?

Centralized.

Are the Turkish National Police, Jandarma, and Coastal Security Guard centralized or decentralized?

Centralized.

Is the French gendarmerie centralized or decentralized?

Centralized.

What is centralization in policing?

A national police force operating under the control of the national government.

In what type of political regimes is centralized policing more likely to be found?

Authoritarian regimes.

What is decentralization in policing?

A highly localized organizational structure in which policing agencies are accountable to local authorities.

Why is the United States characterized by decentralized policing?

Because of federalism and the independent authority, budgets, and control of local governments.

What is integration in policing?

Policing is a shared responsibility between national/central agencies and local agencies.

examples of countries using an integrated policing model.

The U.K., Germany, Australia, and Japan.

What is the main difference between centralized and decentralized policing?

Centralized policing is controlled by the national government, while decentralized policing gives significant authority to local governments.

What is a civilian police force?

A police force made up of public servants operating at the national or local level.

What characterizes a military police force?

Military discipline, ranks, and rules concerning obedience.

countries that have military or militarized policing models.

Brazil, Mexico, Russia, India, Turkey, and France.

What is the key difference between civilian and military policing?

Civilian policing operates through public-service structures, while military policing emphasizes military discipline, hierarchy, and obedience.

What was colonial policing characterized by?

Integration of military and civic administration.

What were the goals of colonial policing?

Controlled and efficient government.

Was colonial policing centralized or decentralized?

Centralized.

Was colonial policing militaristic?

Yes.

What type of policing was largely absent from colonial policing?

Community policing.

How did colonial policing affect legitimacy among indigenous populations?

It devalued its legitimacy among indigenous populations.

What type of policing was associated with colonial rule?

Political policing.

What country is a major historical example of colonial political policing?

South Africa during Apartheid.

What is democratic policing?

A set of principles and practices intended to guide law enforcement while protecting human rights and furthering justice.

What is democratic policing sometimes called?

"Best practice" policing.

What is a major focus of democratic policing?

Protecting human rights and furthering justice.

What type of relationship should exist between democratic policing and democratic government?

A symbiotic relationship.

What are five major principles of democratic policing?

Rule of law, legitimacy, transparency, accountability, and subordination to civil authority.

What does "subordination to civil authority" mean in democratic policing?

Police are subject to civilian governmental authority.

What does transparency mean in democratic policing?

Police actions and decision-making should be open and understandable to the public.

What does accountability mean in democratic policing?

Police are answerable for their actions and decisions.

What UN document establishes standards for law enforcement officials' conduct?

The UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials.

What provides guidance for implementing the UN Code of Conduct?

The Guidelines for Effective Implementation of the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials.

What international standards address police use of force and firearms?

The Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials.

What international protocol addresses torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment?

The Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture.

What international standards address the treatment of prisoners?

The Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.

What global standards address police corruption?

The Global Standards to Combat Corruption in Police Forces/Services.

What three traditions influence Russian policing?

Continental, colonial, and communist police traditions.

What major political transition affected Russian policing?

The transition from the empire system to the Soviet state.

What was de-Stalinization?

A process of moving away from Stalin-era policies and practices.

What is a major problem associated with Russian police?

Corruption among police officers.

What political function has Russian policing historically served?

Sustaining the political system and safeguarding its functioning.

What is one criticism of Russian police reform?

Much reform has been superficial or continued/reinforced Soviet trends and traditions rather than breaking from them.

What was the Baoja system?

A form of localized self-government and protection centered on families and households.

What is "mass line" policing?

A policing approach emphasizing the relationship between police and the masses.

What metaphor describes the relationship between police and the masses in mass line policing?

"Police are fish, masses are water."

When was mass line policing implemented?

In the 1940s.

Why was mass line policing implemented?

To support the new communist government.

What types of justice were preferred under mass line policing?

Informal, popular, and people's justice rather than formal and legal modes of justice.

When was China's People's Police Law enacted?

1995.

What are major purposes of China's People's Police Law?

Safeguarding state security, maintaining public order, protecting citizens' legal rights, building the police force, improving police quality, and ensuring police legal powers for socialist modernization.

What are examples of police and administrative punishments in China?

Administrative detention, shelter and investigation, and re-education through labor.

How did one perspective characterize the Chinese state apparatus?

As an instrument for the oppression of antagonistic classes, relying on violence rather than benevolence.

What event led to major reflection among Chinese police leadership?

The military suppression of the Tiananmen Square student protests.

What is international cooperation on policing?

Police cooperation and common action between officials and bureaucracies whose authority comes primarily from the states in which they operate.

What are examples of international police cooperation?

Bilateral police assistance, technology transfers, sharing information about wanted criminals, and joint operations.

What is transnational policing?

Any system or process involving agents of state control cooperating across national borders.

What is an example of transnational policing?

INTERPOL or policing border regions in Europe.

What is a major issue in transnational policing?

Determining how policing beyond the state should be controlled and regulated and by whom.

What is the difference between international and transnational policing?

International policing may focus more on bilateral cooperation, while transnational policing is likely to be multilateral in scope.

What is "high policing"?

Gathering and sharing information among police forces and the intelligence community.

What is the primary purpose of high policing?

Collecting political intelligence rather than pursuing criminal prosecution.

Why is high policing less straightforward?

It involves political intelligence and information-sharing issues.

What is "low policing"?

The regular process of criminal investigation, prosecution, and protection of society.

What type of information sharing may high agencies be reluctant to provide to low agencies?

Intelligence information.

What does INTERPOL stand for?

International Criminal Police Organization.

What type of organization is INTERPOL?

An inter-governmental organization.

What is the primary function of INTERPOL?

Connecting member countries through a communications system to facilitate international police cooperation.

What is EUROPOL?

An organization that supports EU member states in preventing and combating serious international and organized crime, cybercrime, and terrorism.

What crimes does EUROPOL address?

Terrorism, international drug trafficking, money laundering, organized fraud, counterfeiting euros, and human trafficking.

How complex is the organization of American law enforcement?

It is considered the most complex in the world.