2.7(forgetting and memory challenges)

forgetting curve(ebbinghaus)

concept developed by Hermann Ebbinghaus that shows how memory fades over time if we don’t actively review the information.

encoding failure

information never makes it into long-term memory because it wasn’t processed deeply enough during learning.

proactive interference

when old information interferes with your ability to learn or remember new information.

retroactive interference

when new information makes it harder to remember old information.

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

happens when you feel like you know something but can’t quite retrieve it at the moment—it’s “on the tip of your tongue.”

repression

defense mechanism proposed by Freud where the mind unconsciously pushes distressing or traumatic memories out of conscious awareness to protect a person from emotional pain.

misinformation effect

When incorrect or misleading information presented after an event changes a person’s memory of that event

source amnesia

when you remember information or a fact but forget where or how you learned it.

constructive memory

the idea that memories are not exact recordings but are actively built or reconstructed by our brains every time we recall them.

memory consolidation

ow memories stabilize over time, but during this process, they can be altered or combined with new info.

imagination inflation

happens when imagining or visualizing an event increases confidence that it really happened—even if it didn’t.