Chemical Solutions Terms and Definitions

Gr 11 IB Chem

Solution

homogenous mixture of solvent and one or more solutes

solvent

substance that has other substances dissolved in it

solute

substance that is dissolved in a solution

variable composition

different ratios of solvent-solute are possible

aqueous solution

water is the solvent

miscible

substances that are soluble in ANY proportion (salt and water)

imiscible

substances that do not readily dissolve in each other (water and oil)

alloy

solid metallic solution

solubility

amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent at specific temperature.

saturated solution

no more solute can be dissolved at a specific temperature

unsaturated solution

more solute can be dissolved at a specific temperature

supersaturated

containing more solute than can be dissolved at specific temperature

ionic compound

compound formed by electro static attractions between cations and anions (ionic bonds)

polar molecule

molecule that has an uneven distribution of charge

non-polar molecule

covalently bonded molecule that does not have a dipole because of its bonds and their arrangements

soluble

solubility is greater than 1g/100ml of solvent

insoluble

solubility is less than 0.1g/100ml of solvent

slightly soluble

solubility ranges between 0.1-1g/100ml of solvent

universal solvent

water is the universal solvent because it dissolves more substances than any other solvent and is readily available

reasons why water is good solvent

• small molecule

• highly polar

• hydrogen bonding

• neutral molecule

  due to its dipole, changed end from water attracts another charged end of substance

LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE, meaning?

polar molecule dissolves polar molecule

non polar dissolves non polar

water is polar and oil is non polar, therefore oil will not dissolve and sit on top

rate of dissolving

speed at which solute dissolves in solvent

intermolecular forces

forces existing between molecules

intramolecular forces

forces that bond atoms together within a molecule

dipole

distribution of molecular charge between 2 opposite charges separated by a short distance

dipole-dipole attractions

intermolecular force between oppositive charged ends of two polar molecules

hydrogen bonding

strong intermolecular attractions between molecules contain H bonded to atom of highly Electronegativity (F, O, N)

Ion-dipole attractions

intermolecular forces between ions and polar molecules

hydrated ion

ion in aqueous solution - surrounded by and attracted to water molecules

electrolyte

solute that conducts current in aqueous solution

non-electrolyte

solute that does not conduct current in aqueous solution

How temp affects dissolving

increased rate of movement, therefore increased # of collisions

How agitation affects dissolving

increased contact between solute and solvent, therefore increases rate of dissolving

How particle size affects dissolving

small particle size will mean bigger surface area (microwave and chicken example), more surface area means more contact, therefore more dissolving rate

How size affect solubility

bigger size means less solubility

How temperature affects solubility

Solid - increased temp meaning increased energy for breaking bonds, therefore more solubility

Gas - increased temp means increased energy of gas molecules, therefore less solubility, higher energy causes gas molecules to overcome intermolecular bonds and escape solution

How pressure affects solubility

more pressure on gas means more solubility

Process of dissolving

1. Solute particles sperate, heat absorbed

2. Solvent particles sperate by breaking intermolecular forces, heat absorbed

3. Solute and Solvent particles are attracted together, heat is released

acid defintion

arhenious - substance that ionizes in water to produce H+

bronsted lowry - proton(H+) donor

base definition

arhenious - substance that disassociates in water to produce OH-

bronsted lowry - proton(H+) accepter

neutral

pH/pOH of 7

neautralization

special type of double displacement: acid base reaction

General formula

Acid + Base —> Salt (Ionic Compound) + Water

aqueous

exists as its ions in water

pH / pOH

power of hydrogen / hydroxide

the sum of pH and pOH of substance is ALWAYS

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