neuro motor development

motor control

how the CNS regulates the musculoskeletal system

motor learning

how we acquire, modify, and retain motor skills

motor development

changes in one lifespan infancy to death

difference between intrinsic and extrinsic factors

intrinsic are early on such as genetics

extrinsic are progressive such as environment, experience, learning

réflex theory

movement controlled by stimulus-response

basis for movement, reflexes combined into action, create behavior

dynamic systems theory

both intrinsic and extrinsic impact the development of motor skills

as an individual acquires a skill, the organization may change which allows the person to identify the most effective strategy for effective function

hierarchical control theory

cortical centers control moment in a top down manner

cerebral cortex → brainstem → spinal cord

reflexive movements dominate only after CNS damage

motor program theory

exist to control actions that have common characteristics

higher level stores rules for generating movement

ecological theory

interaction of the person with any given environment gives perceptual info used to control movement

motivation to solve problems to accomplish a desired movement task/goal facilitates learning

systems model

multiple body systems overlap to activate synergies

goal directed behavior & task oriented

rooting

stimulus: touch on cheek

response: turning head to side with mouth open

normal age: 28 weeks ges. to 3 months

Moro

Stimulus: head dropping into extension suddenly few inches

Response: arms abduct with fingers open, then cross trunk into adduction, cry

Normal age: 28 ges. to 5 months

Startle

Stimulus: loud, sudden stimulus

Response: similar to moro but elbows remain flexed & hands closed

Normal age: 28 weeks ges. to 5 months

Plantar grasp

Stimulus: pressure on base of toes

Response: toe flexion

Normal age: 28 weeks ges. to 9 months

Galant

Stimulus: touch to skin along spine from shoulder to hip

Response: lateral flexion of trunk toward side of stimulus

Normal age: 30 weeks ges. to 2 months

Positive support

Stimulus: weight on balls of feet when upright

Response: stiffening of legs and trunk into extension

Normal age: 35 weeks ges. to 2 months

Walking (stepping)

Stimulus: supported upright position with soles of feet on firm surface

Response: reciprocal flex/extend of legs

Normal age: 38 weeks ges. to 2 months

Palmar grasp

Stimulus: pressure in palm on ulnar side of hand

Response: flexion of fingers causing strong grip

Normal age: birth to 4 months

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

Stimulus: head position turned to one side

Response: arm and leg on face side extended, arm and leg on scalp side are flexed

Normal age: birth to 6 months

Tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR)

Stimulus: position of labyrinth in inner ear reflective of head position

Response: head extension → body and extremities extended

Head flexion → body and extremities flex

Normal age: birth to 6 months

Symmetrical Tonic neck reflex (STNR)

Stimulus: head position flexion or extension

Response: head flexed → arms flexed, legs extended

Head extended → arms extended, legs flexed

Normal age: 6 to 8 months

Plantar reflex (Babinski reflex)

Stimulus: stroke foot heel to forefoot on lateral side with sharp object

Response: big toe extends upward, other toes fan out, and ankle dorsiflexes

Normal age: birth to as early as 6 months or as late as 1-2 years old

newborn-1 month

prone/supine: physiological flexion, head rotated to side & early antigravity extension & weight shifting

2-3 months

midline orientation of head & symmetry starting by 3 months

prone: chest up with weight through forearms, rolls prone to supine

4-5 months

improved antigravity postural control

strong symmetry and midline head control in supine, prone & sitting

reaches for toys, plays feet to mouth & can grasp and release

6-7 months

characterized by increased trunk control and mobility

prone (preferred): rolls from supine

sitting: sits independently with straight back, protective extension forward

8-9 months

prone: gets into quadruped

sitting: protective extension lateral

mobility: crawls forward, walks along furniture (cruising)

10-11 months

refinement of fine motor skills

sitting: protective extension backward

12-15 months

characterized by improving balance, beginning gait more independently

mobility: walks without support

prone progression

head lifting → pelvic stability → prone on extended UE → pivot prone → quadruped → creeping → walking

supine progression

supine lying → pull to sit → hand to LE → feet to mouth → bridging

sitting progression

sacral → propped → ring → half ring → long

standing progression

supported → independent → cruising → independent gait

Peabody developmental motor scales

birth to 5 years & 6 su test

gross motor: reflexes, stationary/balance, locomotion, object manipulation

fine: grasping, visual/motor integration

alberta infant motor scale

tool used to assess the maturation of gross motor skills of infants to 18 months

physiological changes to the neurological system

1st year is most critical & vulnerable

-increase in glial cells, myelin, neuron size

-brain grows, rapid growth of cerebral cortex