Rizal in the 19th Century

Contextualization

The act of placing something within its proper and larger setting to understand its true and complete meaning.

Galleon Trade

The maritime trade between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico that lasted from 1565 to 1815, serving as a central income-generating business for Spanish colonists in the Philippines.

Suez Canal

An artificial waterway in Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, significantly shortening travel time between Europe and the Philippines when it opened in 1869.

Ilustrados

Educated Filipinos in the 19th century who sought reform and equality with the Spaniards, often using their education and liberal ideas to push for independence.

Inquilino System

A form of tenancy in 19th century Philippines where land was rented from absentee landlords, leading to conflicts over land rights and tenant abuse.

Liberalism

A political philosophy that emphasizes individual liberty, equality, and the protection of individual rights, shaping many political movements in the 19th century.

Cadiz Constitution

The 1812 constitution of Spain that recognized national sovereignty and was influential in promoting liberal ideas and political representation for colonies like the Philippines.

Monopoly Contracting

A system where government contracts for revenue collection in the Philippines were awarded primarily to Chinese individuals after 1850, leading to significant economic control.

Opium Monopoly

A government-controlled trade of opium in the Philippines during the 19th century that was highly profitable and primarily operated by Chinese businessmen.

Bourbon Reforms

Reforms implemented by the Spanish Bourbon kings aimed at establishing tighter control over colonial administration and reducing the power of the church, affecting the governance of the Philippines.