Livestock Entomology Review

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the Livestock Entomology lecture notes.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Insecticide class easily absorbed through the skin, accumulating in the body. Example: Lindane (restricted use). Side effects: hypersensitivity, spasms, seizures, salivation, vomiting, coma, and death.

Organophosphates

Insecticide class effective against a wide range of insects like fleas and ticks. Overexposure symptoms: increased salivation, vomiting, breathing difficulty, muscle weakness, shaking, diarrhea, coma, and death.

Carbamates

Insecticide class similar to organophosphates, inhibiting cholinesterase. Examples: Carbaryl, propoxur, and methomyl. Poisoning symptoms: excessive salivation, tremors, vomiting, seizures, diarrhea, and loss of muscle control.

Synthetic Pyrethroids

Insecticide class with low mammalian toxicity but effective against insects, ticks, and mites. Mild effects: excessive salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, mild tremors, hyperexcitability or depression.

Botanicals

Insecticide class derived from plants, such as rotenone and pyrethrin. Low mammalian toxicity (except nicotine).

Repellents

Substances that help prevent animal pest establishment, though not strictly insecticides. Poisoning signs: vomiting, tremors, ataxia, incoordination, hyperactivity, excessive salivation, depression, loss of appetite, seizures, and breathing difficulty.

Lime Sulfur

Inorganic insecticide option for lice control. May cause irritation, discomfort, or blistering, but rarely causes death.

Mineral Oil

Useful as a barrier against biting flies (e.g., in horses' ears) and as a diluent in some ear mite treatments.

Amitraz

Formamidine chemical with insecticidal and acaricidal properties.

Insect Growth Regulators and Hormone Mimics

Insecticide class that prevents immature insects from developing to the adult stage. Example: Methoprene for flea control. Stimulates juvenile hormone activity.

Ivermectins/Avermectins

Insecticide group labeled as drugs, used for pest control on animals. Often administered by a veterinarian, though some over-the-counter formulations exist for horses.

Ready-to-use Formulations

Insecticide formulations that require no mixing or combining with other ingredients or diluents.

Wettable Powders

Insecticide formulations that must be mixed with water before application. Concentrated solid, powdered form that can be sprayed after mixing.

Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC)

Insecticide formulations that are liquids that must be mixed with water before application. Can be sprayed after mixing or sponged on the animal.

Shampoo (Insecticide)

Insecticide formulation applied to an animal's wet haircoat and worked into a lather.

Dust (Insecticide)

A ready-to-use dry insecticide formulation of insecticides. Applicators must wear appropriate personal protective equipment.

Bolus (Insecticide)

Insecticide formulation mixed into salt blocks, with feed, or fed directly to an animal.

Ear Tags

Insecticides and acaricides formulated with plastics, fixed to an animal and left attached for a time.

Insecticide Pastes, Liquids, Powders

Formulations given orally or injected into animals to control internal parasites. Restricted products are regulated as drugs by the FDA and require licensed vets.

Baits (Insecticide)

Insecticide formulations either commercially prepared as dry granules or made as mixes of insecticides, sweeteners, and water.

No Metamorphosis

Body proportions and internal organs of these primitive insects remain similar after each molt. Example: collembola and thysanura

Incomplete Metamorphosis

Changes are slight and gradual. The young or nymphs resemble the adults and feed in the same habitat, and wing development is external. Example: grasshoppers

Complete Metamorphosis

Drastic alterations occur as insects grow through the egg, larval, pupal (an inactive, resting stage) and adult stages. Includes the majority of insects, such as flies and fleas.

Flea Eggs

Hatch between 2 days to two weeks. Usually fall from the animal onto the floor.

Flea Larvae

The larval stage has three development stages. Depending on the environment this stage lasts between 5 to 18 days.

Flea Pupae

The adult flea can emerge from its cocoon in as little as 3-5 days. If the environment is not favorable they can lay dormant in this cocoon stage for up to a year.

Adult Flea

Adults flea prefer to live on an animal and their diet consists of blood courtesy of their host. The female can lay up to 50 eggs per day.

Lice Infestations

Associated with overcrowding and poor sanitation in the animal's environment, and are mostly seen in winter.

Nits

The eggs of lice, are cemented to hairs or feathers on an animal host.

Nymphs (Lice)

Larval lice that emerge from eggs, blood-feed, and molt three times before maturing into an adult male or female louse.

Mites Effect on Animal Health

1- damage tissues and cause dermatitis. 2- cause blood or body fluid loss. 3- cause allergic reactions. 4- create conditions for secondary bacterial infection

Tick-Borne Viral Diseases

1-colorado tick fever. 2-Powassan virus disease. 3- bourbon virus disease

Ticks Veterinary Importance

1- they cause blood loss. 2- their feeding causes inflammation and irritation of the skin. 3- they may stimulate hypersensitive allergic reactions. 4- they may cause a toxic reaction in the host, complicated by paralysis. 5-they transmit microorganisms that cause disease.

Hemimetabolous Orders

Changes are slight and gradual. The young or nymphs resemble the adults and feed in the same habitat, and wing development is external.Includes: order Embiidina (webspinners), order Zoraptera (zorapterans), order Isoptera (termites), order Mantodea (mantids), order Blattodea (cockroaches), order Hemiptera (true bugs, hoppers, cicada, scales), order Thysanoptera (thrips), order Psocoptera (booklice, barklice), order Phthiraptera (biting & sucking lice), order Ephemeroptera (mayflies, shadflies), order Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies), order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets), order Phasmatodea (walking sticks), order Grylloblattodea (rock crawlers), order Dermaptera (earwigs), order Plecoptera (stoneflies)

Holometabolous Orders

Drastic alterations occur as insects grow through the egg, larval, pupal (an inactive, resting stage) and adult stages Includes: order Coleoptera (beetles, weevils), order Neuroptera (lacewings, dobsonfly), order Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants, sawflies), order Trichoptera (caddisflies), order Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths), order Siphonaptera (fleas), order Mecoptera (hangingflies, scorpionflies), order Strepsiptera (twisted-wing insects), order Diptera (flies, gnats, midges, mosquitoes)