Essentials Quiz #3

Fed. 78

Written by Alexander Hamilton, focuses on the judicial branch and the concept of judicial review.

• argued that the judiciary should be independent and that judges should serve for life, provided they exhibit good behavior

• emphasizes that the courts are the weakest of the three branches of government, lacking both force and will, and that their primary role is to interpret laws and ensure they conform to the Constitution.

• laid the foundation for the power of judicial review

Gideon v. Wainwright

Supreme Court ruled that defendants in criminal cases have the right to an attorney, even if they cannot afford one,

• Sixth Amendment's guarantee of counsel

• ensured fair trials and significantly impacted criminal justice procedures across the United States.

• extended the right to counsel to state court proceedings

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

ruled that officially sponsored prayer in public schools violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment

• prohibits the government from establishing a religion.

• established a clear separation between religion and public education

• set a precedent for interpreting the Establishment Clause in cases involving state-sponsored religious activities.

Fed. 70

Authored by Alexander Hamilton, argues for a strong executive branch led by a single president.

• It advocates against a plural executive and emphasizes the need for energy, efficiency, and accountability in the executive office.

• influenced the structure and powers of the presidency as outlined in the U.S. Constitution