Latin government

Balboa expedition

• path to Pacific

Panama

Balboa expedition, path to Pacific

Empires: Inca

• Peru, Chile, Ecuador), Aztec (Mexico)

Civilizations

Maya, Nahuat, Guarani, Mapuche, Taino, Kuna

Spain: 1492

• King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella

• Explorers / conquistadors

• Columbus (Cristobal Colon):

Cristobal Colon enslaved what

• Cuba, Hispaniola, Trinidad, Panama

Cristobal Colon also led to what

• genocide of Tainos

Hernan Cortes: enslaved what country

Mexico

What empire did Hernan Cortes conquest

Aztec Empire

Francisco Pizarro: enslaved what country

peru

Francisco pizarro conquested what empire

• Conquest of Incan Empire

Vasco Nunez de Balboa: enslaved

panama

Vasco Nunez de Balboa: “discovered” what from panama

route to Pacific

Juan Ponce de Leon conquested what

Puerto Rico and Florida

• Hernando de Soto: conquested what

• Nicaragua, Peru, Florida

Reconquista 1236-1492

Caliphate of Cordoba, 750-1031

Caliphate of Cordoba was the

• Capital in exile, Umayyad empire, after Abbasidian rebellion

Architecture of the Caliphate of Cordoba

• Mesquita de Cordoba, Alhambra

Caliphate of Cordoba language

• : aceite, ajedrez, alfombra, alquiler, algebra, azucar, berenjena, café, guitarra, hasta, hazana, ojala, olé, mascara, pantalones, tabaco, tarea

Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031

Split into Taifas of Cordoba, Sevilla, Zaragoza, Nasrid kingdom of Granada

Caliphate of Cordoba in 1492

Conquest by crowns of Castile & Aragon, expulsion of Muslims, Jews

conquest of 1492 did what

• Coinciding with Spanish Inquisition

What happened as a result of the Coinciding with Spanish Inquisition

• Both Inquisition and exiles followed to the Americas

Portugal: 1500 navigators were

• Henry the Navigator:

• Vasco da Gama

• Pedro Alvares Cabral

henry the navigator explored what country

• West Africa

vasco de gama explored what country

india

pedro alvares cabral explored what country

brazil

Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 did what

divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean

New Spain and Peru has

Viceroyalties

New spain is consisted off

Mexico, Central America, US)

peru is consisted of

Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Panama

new granda consists of

Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador)

rio de la plata consists of

(Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia)

Economic interests of new spain and peru

• : gold and silver

economic interests of the caribbean

•  sugar, tobacco, indigo

Colonial Brazil distincts from

Spanish colonialism:

Colonial Brazil lacks

• indigenous resistance

why does colonial brazil lack indigenous resistance

• No militarized empire

• Low population density

Colonial Brazil lacks what precious minerals

• brazilwood, later sugar

colonial brazil Widespread use of slave

• 4 million enslaved, 10x number sent to U.S.

colonial brazil Stratified

• multi-racial society

colonial brazil co-Kingdom:

Brazil far more populous, powerful than Portugal

Co-Kingdom: Brazil far more populous, powerful than Portugal BECAUSE it

• Monarchy relocated to Brazil during Napoleonic Wars 1807

• Rio de Janeiro capital of Portuguese empire under Dom Joao

• Prince Pedro declared independence 1822

Indigenous populations collapsed because of

smallpoxs

cocoliztli X2

Caste and religion from what time

New spain 1521- 1800s

Encomiendas is what

: system of forced indigenous labor, conversion to Catholicism and cultural assimilation granted by Crown

Encomiendas was abolished by

•  Prince Felipe after Bartolome de las Casas: A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (1542) described genocide of Tainos

Encomiendas was the basis for what

haciendas: large landholdings of colonists

Misiones is what

expansion of Spanish empire through proselytism by Catholic orders

Top of caste system

peninsulares/ gachupines

european- born whites

2nd to Top of caste system

criollos

colonial born whites

middle of caste system

mestizos

mixed blook ( native Spanish)

2nd to bottom of caste system

indians

pure indigiousous

bottom of caste system

slaves

africans

Independence of latin Gran Colombia

•  Simon Bolivar, Francisco de Miranda

independence of Argentina

• Jose de San Martin, Manuel Belgrano

independence of Cuba

• Maximo Gomez, Jose Marti

Economic development models

mercantilism

liberalism

ISI

marxism

neoliberalism

the washington consensus

pink tide and mixed economies

Mercantilism,

Colonial period

• a colonial economic system where Spain and Portugal controlled all trade. Colonies served as sources for gold, silver, and raw materials. They had to buy finished goods only from the European mother country

Liberalism,

late 19^th/early 20^th century

• In Latin America, liberalism is a dynamic political and economic tradition that evolved from a 19th-century anti-colonial liberation movement into a framework for modernization, and later into modern debates over free markets, individual rights, and constitutional democracy

• engage in global trade

ISI,

mid-20^th century

• Import substitution industrialization (ISI) was pursued mainly from the 1930s through the 1960s in Latin America—particularly in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico—and in some parts of Asia and Africa. In theory, ISI was expected to incorporate three main stages: (

  • 1) domestic production of previously imported simple nondurable consumer goods,

  • (2) the extension of domestic production to a wider range of consumer durables and more-complex manufactured products, and

  • (3) the export of manufactured goods and continued industrial diversification.

Marxism,

mid to late 20^th century

• diverse political and analytical tradition that adapts European socialist thought to the region's distinct history of colonialism, rural poverty, and foreign economic dominance

Neoliberalism,

late 20^th Century

• Neoliberalism in Latin America is a political and economic model that shifts power from the government to private markets. It became prominent in the late 20th century through free-market reforms, privatization of state industries, and reduced trade barriers.

• The Washington Consensus,

• 1990s – 2000s

• a 1989 set of ten free-market economic policy prescriptions aimed at crisis-hit developing nations, particularly in Latin America. Coined by economist John Williamson, it prescribed fiscal discipline, privatization, and trade liberalization backed by Washington-based institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

• Pink tide and mixed economies,

• 2000 – 2010s

refers to the political shift toward left-of-center and socialist governments across Latin America during the 2000s and early 2020s. These administrations used mixed economies—combining state-directed welfare and public enterprises with private market activity—to fund social programs and challenge regional free-market norms. [1, 2, 3]