UTA BIOL-2460 chapters 13 & 14

What are the 4 characteristics of the nervous system/

complexity, integration, adaptability, and electro chemical transmission

Efferent

What is Lyophilization

freeze-drying; rapid freezing then placing under vacuum

What kinds of light are used in Ionizing radiation

x-rays; gamma rays

How does Non-ionizing radiation damage microbial DNA

By forming Thymine dimers

What are three types of phenols

Carbolic acid, Triclosan, Lysol

What is the MOA for heavy metals (mercury, zinc, silver, etc.)

Binding and inhibition of proteins

Name 3 halogens commonly used to kill microbes

flourine, iodine, chlorine

What kind of molecule are soaps

faty acid salts

What kind of molecule are detergents

synthetic polar or non polar molecules

Quats, soups, and detergents fit under what category

surfactants

What are quats

cationic detergents (lysol)

what kind of molecule are bisbiguanides

cationic molecules with antiseptic properties

what are chlorhexidine and alexidine used for

surgical scrubs

"this alkylating agent fixes specimens by cross-linking

proteins"

formeldehyde

what is the method of action for peroxygens?

"they produce

radical oxygen to disrupt macromolecules"

this peroxygen is more effective than hydrogen peroxide because it cannot be inactivated by catalases or peroxidases

peracetic acid

which peroxide is used in medication

benzoyl peroxide

Which peroxide is an agent used in toothpaste against biofilms

carbamide peroxide

this preservative is naturally found in fruits and berries. This preservative also decreases cellular pH and interferes with oxidadive phosphorylation

benzoic acid

which preservative is naturally found and added to cheeses and doughs

propionic acid

propionic acid prevents contamination by which microbe

B. mesentericus

this preservative has been used since ancient times

sulfur dioxides (sulfites)

this preservative is used in meats to protect from C. botulinum endospores, and becomes a carcinogen when heated

nitrites (nitric oxide)

this natural preservative is made by Lactococcus lactis

nisin

this preservative is an antifungal macrolide antibiotic

Natamycin

Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica Typhi used as test organisms for what test

Phenol Coefficient

measures degree of inhibition using sterile filter paper disks with chemicals

Disk Diffusion

this level of antibiotic effectiveness kills only vegetative cells and enveloped viruses, not endospores

low effectiveness

this level of antibiotic effectiveness kills vegetative cells, fungi, viruses, and endospores

high

The antimicrobial agent formalin has a phenol coefficient of .3 (S. Aureus) so it must be ______ than phenol

less effective

The antimicrobial agent chloramine has a phenol coefficient of 133 (S. Aureus) so it must be ______ than phenol

more effective

This test measures the effectiveness of different concentrations of a disinfectant on surfaces

use-dilution test

This test determines if a disinfectant is contaminated

in-use test

What is the common method of action for antifungal drugs?

disruption of sterol synthesis

what category of microbes is responsible for spoiling food left in the fridge?

psychrotrophs ("psychro-" is greek for cold, "trophic" greek for growing)

what is the method of action for sulfur dioxide (sulfites)?

inhibition of protein formation and reduction of intracellular pH

what is the acceptable range to do a viable plate count?

30-300 colonies

detergents are what kind of molecule

synthetic polar or non polar molecules

Why is HIV so hard to treat?

because it is a retrovirus

How are carbapenems more effective than penicillins

they are resistant to β-lactamases

these antifungal drugs treat infection by dermatophytes (ringworm, athlete's foot)

allylamines and Imidazoles

what is the MOA of Diarylquinolines?

inhibition of ATP synthesis

what 2 drugs are used for malaria treatment?

Atovaquone and Proguanil

this antifungal treats systemic yeast infections (oral thrush and cryptococcal meningitis)

Triazoles

this antifungal inhibits glucan synthesis and is like a "penicillin for fungi"

Echinocandins

this antifungal drug binds to fungal ergo sterol and creates pores in the membrane which causes cell lysis

Polyenes

what is the MOA for most antiprotozoans?

inhibition of metabolites and DNA synthesis

what is the MOA of Atovaquone

inhibition of electron transport

this antiprotozoan inhibits folic acid synthesis

proguanil

scanned through 600 arsenic compounds to find cure for syphilis w/o killing host

accidentally discovered antibiotic from Penicillium notatum growing on bacterial agar plate w/ Staphylococci

Paul Ehlrich

First ever natural antibiotic

Alexander Flemming

sed X-rays to analyze the structure of penicillin

Penicillin

studied soil microbes and discovered several antimicrobials

Dorothy Hodgkin

Downside of broad spectrum

Selman Waksman

concentration given in a certain time period

Superinfection

presence of lactam ring; similar to peptidoglycan subunit -Blocks cross-linking of peptide chains in new peptidoglycan

dosage

Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams are all considered what

β-lactams

binds to end of peptide chain to block subunits from adding to peptidogly can backbone; Only Gram positive

β-lactams

derived from B. subtilis; blocks transport of peptidoglycan precursors

Vancomycin

Bind to 30S subunit of ribosome and impair "proofreading" ability

blocks association of tRNA with ribosome

Aminoglycosides

this is narrow, -static, and active against strep + staph infections

Tetracyclines

this drug is broad, -static, and is rarely used because of serious side effects

Lincosamides

this drug is lipophilic & interact w/ LPS to disrupt outer & inner membrane of Gram (-)

Chloramphenicol

"cyclic lipopeptide that inserts and disrupts Gram (+) membrane

"

Polymyxins

inhibit DNA gyrase enzyme; selective toxicity but many side effects, broad + -cidal

Daptomycin

This drug can treat semi-dormant M. Tuberculosis, narrow + -cidal

Rifampin

inhibit DNA gyrase enzyme; selective toxicity but many side effects, broad + -cidal

Floroquinolones

competitive inhibitors of enzymes to stop certain pathways

antimetabolites

halts folic acid synthesis and production of pyrimidines & purines, broad + static

sulfonamides

"specific toxicity for mycobacteria to block synthesis of mycolic acid

"

isoniazid

inhibits later stage of folic acid synthesis; Sulfamethoxazale & Trimethoprim are commonly used in combination to boost effect (-cidal)

trimethoprim

inhibits mycobacterial growth; exact mechanisms is unknown but evidence shows interference with ATP synthase and reducing available ATP

Diarylquinolines

mainly targets anaerobic bacteria AND protozoa

metronidazole

atovaquone is a antiprotozoic that treats what three diseases?

malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis

Metronidazole is an antiprotozoan that inhibits DNA synthesis and treats what three diseases?

dysentery, giardia, and trichomoniasis

pentamidines cleave DNA within kinetoplasts and bind tRNA to treat this disease

african sleeping sickness

What disease does Artemisin target?

malaria

quinolines interfere with what parasitic process

heme detoxification

Resistance genes are often carried on small DNA molecules called

plasmids

this antihelminthic drug inhibits microtubule formation and is broad range

mebendazole

this antihelminthic drug blocks neuronal transmission in invertebrates and causes paralysis and death

Ivermectin

this antihelminthic drug inhibits ATP formation under anaerobic conditions

Niclosamide

This antihelminthic drug induces an influx of Calcium into the worm causing paralysis

Praziquantel

What are the ESKAPE pathogens?

"Enterococcus faecium, Staphylcoccus aureus,

Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp."

This antibacterial drug is used as the last line of defense against drug resistant microbes

vancomycin

Common MOA for antiviral drugs

inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis

"viral enzyme activation and affinity for viral DNA polymerase

"

Acyclovir

MOA is to bind to transmembrane protein and is used to treat influenze A

Amantadine & Rimantadine

The Drug's MOA is the inhibition of neuraminidase that aids in release of viral particles from host cell

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

Why is HIV difficult to treat?

retrovirus; hides in the host genome, quick development of antiviral drug resistance, and targets CD4+ WBC (helper t)