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In what ways did a gathering and hunting economy shape Paleolithic societies?
There was no gender-based division of labor in Paleolithic societies.
To what extent were Buddhist teachings similar to Hindu beliefs?
Rejected a spiritual caste system and the offering of sacrifices.
How did the evolution of cultural traditions in India and China differ?
Indian cultural traditions clashed with a caste-based social system.
What was distinctive about the Jewish religious tradition?
Yahweh was a god who did not act within the historical process.
How was Christianity transformed in the five centuries following the death of Jesus?
The emerging Christian movement became unified under the leadership of the pope.
How are the teachings of the Quran regarding social justice similar to the teachings of Buddhism and Christianity?
All three sought religious equality through a union between church and state.
Buddhism and Hinduism are similar because they both:
offered hope for final release from the cycle of rebirth.
What describes how Confucianism affected Chinese society?
Confucianism placed a high value on education and ritual.
What did Buddhism and Christianity have in common?
They both started out as an effort to reform the religions from which they had come but soon emerged as separate religions.
Which statement expresses a view of women found in the Quran?
Women were spiritually equal to men.
Which included a distinctively supernatural dimension?
Mahayana Buddhism.
Why are the centuries of the Song dynasty in China sometimes referred to as a 'golden age'?
There was an explosion of scholarship that gave rise to Neo-Buddhism.
Evaluate the similarities and differences in the influence China had on Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. In what ways was that influence resisted?
Just like Korea or Japan, the cultural heartland of Vietnam was fully incorporated into the Chinese state for over a thousand years.
How did Japanese and Korean women experience pressures of traditional Confucian teachings?
Despite cultural advancements, elite Japanese women lost the right to inherit property.
What were the major political and cultural effects of the Crusades?
The Crusades had a lasting political and cultural impact in the Middle East.
How does the Inca employment of bureaucrats compare to that of other societies?
Both the Inca and Chinese empires represent rags-to-riches stories in which modest people created by military conquest the largest states in their respective regions.
What distinguished the Aztec and Inca empires from each other?
The Inca Empire extracted substantial tribute in the form of goods from its subject populations, while the Aztecs primarily extracted labor services from their subjects.
How did the process of conversion to Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Kievan Rus occur?
It was a freely made decision on the part of Prince Vladimir of Kiev, who chose Eastern Orthodox Christianity to unify his people.
What was evidence of the expansion and growth of European civilization during the High Middle Ages?
There was a considerable increase in long-distance trade.
How did economic growth and urbanization during the High Middle Ages affect women in Western Europe?
Women practiced trades and sometimes trained female apprentices.
What statement describes the relationship between civilizations in Mesoamerica and those in the Andes?
They had little if any direct contact with each other.
How did Islam spread between 1200 and 1600 affect gender relations?
Existing local customs regarding marriage and the role of women blended with Islamic models.
How did Silk Road trade affect peasants in China?
Peasants focused more on producing luxury goods.
How do Sea Roads of the Indian Ocean compare to Silk Roads?
They carried more products for a mass market.
What describes the Swahili civilization's relationship with the people in the interior?
Swahili cities operated as intermediaries for people from the interior to sell their goods to Arab merchants.
Why did Indian Ocean maritime expeditions sponsored by the Ming emperor stop in 1433?
The emperor's successors viewed expansion as a waste of resources.
What did the Sand Roads link?
North Africa and the Mediterranean world to the land and peoples of interior West Africa.
What characterizes networks connecting different parts of the world from 500 to 1500?
Interaction among the major civilizations operated on a relatively equal basis.
Which societies engaged in extensive maritime trade in the fifteenth century?
Chinese in the Indian Ocean.
How did Mongol conquests encourage trade along the Silk Roads?
By decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans.
What was the most important factor in the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia circa 1250–1500 C.E.?
The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries.
What did merchant diaspora communities have in common between 600 C.E. and 1450 C.E.?
They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.
What contributed to the Chinese government's decision to stop Indian Ocean explorations?
Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security.
Why were Portugal, Spain, France, and Britain first to expand into the New World?
They were on the Atlantic coast and were closer to the Americas.
What highlights the intersection between the Little Ice Age and the General Crisis?
Climatic changes exacerbated conditions that led to popular unrest.
How did Native Americans in Mesoamerica and Peru respond to Spanish conversion efforts?
They blended their old customs into Catholic practices.
Which event signaled the upper hand of the Islamic world over the Christian world in the fifteenth century?
The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople.
What contributed to higher literacy rates in British colonies compared to Spanish and Portuguese colonies?
Protestantism encouraged reading the Bible for oneself.
What describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century?
The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not.
What was a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals.
What contributed most to Russia's emergence as an expanding power between 1450 and 1750?
Its absorption of traditions and technology from the Byzantine Empire and western Europe.
What had the greatest effect on human migration patterns before 1800?
Sugarcane.
What was a major similarity among European colonial empires in the Americas between 1450-1750?
Enslavement of African peoples and subjugation of Amerindians.
What characterizes the Qing and Russian empires in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
Both had vast territories with peoples of various ethnicities and languages.
What marked a major turning point in the relationship between China and Christian missionaries?
The pope's claim of authority over Chinese Christians.
What made some parts of the world more receptive to Christianity than others?
The absence of a literate world religion.
What is an example of how Mughal India handled religious differences?
Akbar formulated a state cult that combined elements of Islam, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism.
What contributed to the Scientific Revolution in Europe?
The relative independence of European universities.
What merged the study of the natural order with philosophy and theology?
The Enlightenment.
How was the Enlightenment related to the Scientific Revolution?
The Enlightenment applied the idea of natural laws to human affairs rather than the physical universe.
What reflects the Enlightenment view of innate qualities of the individual?
Thoughtful, rational, and independent.
Which region saw profound religious divisions due to the Reformation?
The Holy Roman Empire.
What supports the conclusion that post-1450 interactions created syncretic systems of belief?
Northern Mexican peasants referred to the Christian saint Mary as Tonantzin, a local deity's name.
What was a major change in global religious beliefs from 1450-1750 C.E.?
Adherents of monotheistic religions increased in number and scope due to conquest, trade, and missionary activities.
How did European countries control trade in Asia from 1450 to 1750?
By force of arms and conquest.
How did the slave trade affect African states?
Some African states depended on revenues from the slave trade.
What is true of the West African slave trade?
European merchants waited on board ships or in fortified port cities to purchase slaves from African merchants.
How did the Chinese tax payment decision in the 1570s affect the global economy?
The value of silver around the world skyrocketed.
Which city held a long-held monopoly of the European trade in Eastern goods?
Venice.
What is a difference between the British and Dutch East India Companies' operations?
British negotiated treaties, while Dutch established control through conquest.
What distinguished the Atlantic slave trade from previous instances of slavery?
Slave status was associated with race.
How did the fur trade affect indigenous peoples in North America?
It generated warfare among different groups of Native Americans.
What resulted from growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT?
The exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market.
What is true of the women's movement by the early 1900s?
In the most industrialized countries of the West, it had become a mass movement.
What was an effect of the Haitian Revolution throughout the Atlantic world?
Slave owners and whites were filled with a deep caution and fear.
Why have the Atlantic revolutions been described as democratic revolutions?
Their thrust was to extend political rights further than ever before.
How did Atlantic revolutions influence subsequent movements in the nineteenth century?
All were committed to republicanism and social equality.
How did the end of the international slave trade affect Africa?
Reliance on slave labor increased in West and East Africa.
How did the American Revolution contrast with the French Revolution?
The American Revolution sought to preserve existing liberties.
What characterized challenges to absolute authority in the Atlantic revolutions?
They challenged the absolute and divine authority of monarchies.
What was a result of the end of slavery in the Atlantic world?
New forms of dependent labor like sharecropping emerged.
How did people respond to Napoleon's conquests in Europe?
Accepted many reforms, but revolted against French control.
What was an outcome of the American Revolution?
Existing democratic tendencies in colonial societies were accelerated.
What reason is cited for the American Revolution as a conservative movement?
It was an effort to preserve existing liberties.
When was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen written?
It was written in 1789, shortly after the revolution began and became the philosophical core of the French Revolution.
