anatomy appendicular skeleton exam 1

What bones make up the axial skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton

Pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), upper limbs (humerous, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges), pelvic girdle (hip bones), lower limbs (femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

What bones form the pectoral girdle

Clavicle and scapula

How do the bones of the pectoral girdle articulate with each other

Clavicle articulates medially with the sternum and laterally with the acromion of the scapula

What are the functions of the pectoral girdle

Provides attachment for upper limb muscles, allows for wide range of shoulder movement, and connects the arms to the axial skeleton

What are the major bone markings of the pectoral girdle and upper limb

Scapula- acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity, spine

Humerus- head, deltoid tuberosity, trochlea, capitulum, olecranon fossa

Radius- radial head, styloid process

Ulna- olceranon process, trochlear notch, styloid process

What are the bones of the arm, forearm, wrist and hand

Arm- humerus

Forearm- radius (lateral) ulna (medial)

Wrist- 8 carpal bones

Hand- 5 metacarpals

Fingers- 24 phalanges

What are key articulations in the upper limb

Shoulder- humerus with scapula ( glenohumeral joint)

Elbow- humerus with ulna and radius

Wrist- radius with carpals

Hand- metacarpals articulate with phalanges

What bones form the pelvic girdle

Tie hip bones ( coxal bones) each made up of fused bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis

How do bones of the pelvic girdle articulate

Two hip bones join anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints

What are the functions of the pelvic girdle

Supports the weight of the upper body, protects pelvic organs, and anchors lower limbs

What are major bone markings of the pelvic girdle and lower limb

Ilium- iliac crest, greater sciatic notch

Ischium- ischial tuberosity

Pubis- pubic symphysis

Femur- head, greater/lesser trochanters, condyles

Tibia- tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus

Fibula- lateral malleolus

Foot- calcaneus, talus, metatarsals, phalanges

How do male and female pelves differ

Male pelvis- narrow, heavier, smaller pelvic inlet and outlet

Female pelvis- wider, lighter, larger pelvic in,et and outlet for childbirth

What are the bones of the thigh, leg, and foot

Thigh- femur

Leg- tibia (medial) fibula (lateral)

Foot- 7 tarsals 5 metatarsals 14 phalanges

What are three arches of the foot and their functions

Medial longitudinal arch- formed by calcaneus, talus (keystone) navicular, cuneiforms, and first three metatarsals, absorb shock

Lateral longitudinal arch- calcaneus, cuboid (keystone) and 4 and 5 metatarsals, balances weight

Transverse arch- formed by metatarsal bases and cuneiforms, supports the foot in weight bearing

What is congenital hip dysplasia and how is it treated

A condition where the hip joint is dislocated or improperly formed at birth, treated with harnesses, casts, or surgery

What is clubfoot and how is it treated

A congenital condition where the foot is twisted inward, treated with stretching, casting ( ponseti method) or surgery

How does the upper lower body ratio change with age

At birth the UL ratio is high (short legs) but decreases as lower limbs grow faster than upper limbs during development

What are age related changes in the appendicular skeleton

Decreased bone density

Joint cartilage wears down

Increased risk of fractures

Loss of height and flexibility