Glycolysis + Citric Acid Cycle

O2 present = _____________ respiration

aerobic

no O2 = ________________ respiration

anaerobic

when there is no O2,

you cannot regenerate NAD and FAD

no O2 leads to ________________

fermentation

lactic acid fermentation

during exercise lactate builds up in the muscles = cramping = turns into glucose

bridge step

pyruvate into acetyl COA

what are the five cofactors required to convert pyruvate into acetyl-COA?

TPP, lipoamide, coenzyme ASH, FAD, and NAD

TPP

converts pyruvate into acetate

lipoamide

disulfide bond activates acetate making a thioester bond

coenzyme ASH

attached to activated acetate to from acetyl-COA

the citric acid cycle produces alot of _________________ and ______________ which is converted to _________

NADH and FADH2; ATP

NADH ——> NAD+ and FADH2 ——→ FAD, gives ___________ to the __________ then passes the electrons down a gradient which releases _____________

electrons to the ETS, energy

complex I

NADH gives up electrons, 2 electrons go to Q, Q goes to QH2 and travels in membrane to complex III

complex II

FADHS gives up 2 electrons, 2 electrons go to QH2 and travels in membrane to complex III, no H+

complex III

QH2 has 2 electrons, cytochrome C can only accepts one electron, free radical formed = unstable

step one of Q cycle

QH2 donates one electron and travels to cyt C

step two of Q cycle

QH2 donates other electron to cyt B, 2 protons are released

step three of Q cycle

oxidized ubiquinone accepts electron from cyt b becoming semiquinone

step four of Q cycle

QH2 gives 2 electrons to complex III and 2 protons go to intermembrane, one electron goes to cyt C

step five of Q cycle

other electron goes to cyt b and then the semiquinone, regenerating QH2

complex IV

cyt c transfers its electron to complex IV, electron transferred gets reduced to O2, O2 is the final electron acceptor

ETS leads to a ______________ _________________

proton gradient

____________ gradient formed, ______________ potential formed which leads to an _________________ gradient = _____________!

concentration gradient, membrane potential = electrochemical gradient = energy!

this gradient shuttles ________ back across the membrane, which provides ________ to phosphorylate ________ into ________ (unfavorable)

H+, energy, ADP to ATP

we can couple the ETC to the _____________ of ___________

phosphorylation of ADP

F0: embedded in mitochondrial membrane, pumps H+ from ___________ to ____________

intermembrane back to matrix

H+ binding causes F0 to rotate = generates ____________ _____________, which transfers to F1

mechanical energy

how fast H+ is shuttled back across changes the amount of ____________ produced!

ATP

F1: __________ + ___________ ————> _______

ADP + Pi ———————> ATP

F1 has ____ subunits

6

rotenone

kills fish, prevents transfer of electrons from NADH to complex I, cannot regenerate NAD+, shuts down cycle!

antimycin A

from bacteria, prevents transfer of electrons from cyt b to cyt c, targeting the Q cycle

cyanide

CN and CO replace O2 for binding complex IV, CN and CO do not accept electrons, ETS shuts down!

DNP

ETS uncoupled, creates leaks in membrane, H+ can move freely, ATP synthesis slows down, tells body you are energy deficient, metabolism ramps up

fatty acids must be _______________

activated

activated fatty acids are transported across the membrane via the _____________ shuttle system

carnitine

B oxidation

breakdown of fatty acids

step one of B oxidation

fatty acetyl CoA undergoes oxidation, FAD reduced FADH2 and gets oxidized by Q

step 2

hydration of alkene

step 3

oxidation of alcohol to ketone, NAD+ reduced to NADH

step 4

energy and coenzyme A helps break off two carbons in form of acetly COA

transamination

transfer of amine group to an alpha keto acid

deamination

amine group gets removed from glutamate

urea formation

urea cycle converts amonium to urea

ketogenic amino acids

carbon skeletons are converted into acetyl coa or acetoacetyl coa = energy!

glucogenic amino acids

carbon skeletons are converted into intermediates

glycogenin

protein where glycogen synthesis starts

insulin

decreases blood sugar levels

epinephrine

increase glycogen breakdown

glucgaon

increase blood sugar