AP U.S. Government & Politics: Foundational Documents & Federalist Papers

Brutus 1

Anti-Federalist essay arguing a strong central government would become tyrannical, overpower states, and threaten individual liberty. Advocates for a decentralized system of smaller republics.

Federalist 10

Madison argues factions (interest groups) are inevitable. A large republic with a representative government and separation of powers can control them. Counter to Brutus 1.

Federalist 51

Madison defends the Constitution's structure. Explains how separation of powers and checks and balances protect against tyranny by dividing power among branches and levels of government.

Federalist 70

Hamilton argues for a single, energetic executive (President). Claims unity in the executive is essential for accountability, decisiveness, and protection against foreign attacks.

Federalist 78

Hamilton argues for an independent judiciary with life tenure (during good behavior). Establishes the principle of judicial review—courts can declare laws unconstitutional.

Declaration of Independence

1776 document listing grievances against King George III. Justifies revolution with ideas of natural rights (Locke), consent of the governed, and the right to alter/abolish government.

U.S. Constitution

Supreme law of the land (1789). Outlines structure of government (3 branches), federalism, and the amendment process. Includes the Bill of Rights and other amendments.

Articles of Confederation

First U.S. constitution (1781-1789). Created a weak central government (no power to tax, regulate commerce, or enforce laws). Led to Shays' Rebellion and replacement by the Constitution.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

MLK's 1963 defense of nonviolent civil disobedience. Argues injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere and criticizes white moderates who prefer 'order' over justice.