glial cells and neurogenerative disorders

what is the principle cell in the nervous system/thalamus

glial cells

function of glial cells

• involved in cell signaling

• proliferate after brain injuries

• provide support

what inhibits regeneration of damaged axons in the cns

glial cells

what cell promotes growth of neurons in the pns

glial cells

can glial cells divide

yes

astrocytes

• most abundant

• fill space between neurons

• regulate composition of extracellular fluid

• determine how neurons proliferate and differentiate during development

oligodendocytes

• found in the cns

• many axons

• myelinate axons

schwann cells

• found in pns

• only connect to single axon

• myelinate axon

microglia and ependymal cells

• phagocytic/immune

• can migrate into different tissues

ependymal cells

• line ventricles

• produce csf

• direct cell migration

what is huntingtons caused by

• autosomal dominant disorder

• repeat in glutamine

• causes agglutination of huntingtons protein

what are inclusion bodies

• caused by mutant protein in huntingtons

• creates fragments of proteins in neurons

which ganglia are worst affected by huntingtons and other changes

• basal ganglia (movement)

• astrocytes, neurons and microglia all can undergo changes

amyloid plaques

• formed from amyloid beta when amyloid precursor protein is cleaved

• misfolding leads to insoluble plaques around neurons

• toxic to neurons

induction effect of amyloid beta

• can induce other amyloid beta to misfold

two types of deposits in alzheimers disease

• amyloid

• tau

tau protein function

involved in transporting cargos up and down axanol microtubules

hyperphosphorylation of tau protein impact

• leads to clumping

• forms neurofibrillary tangles inside the neuron

• disrupts normal movement

• results in neuronal death

which cells become active and induce neuroinflammation in alzheimer’s and huntingtons

astrocytes and glia

the higher the number of activated glia cells

the more progressed the disease is