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Electron shells are made up of Sub-Shells and Orbitals
Further away from nucleus have more energy.
4 sub-shells, S, P, D ,F.
S orbital
Number of orbitals is 1. Max number of electrons is 2×1 = 2
P orbital
Number of orbitals is 3. Max number of electrons is 3×2 = 6
D orbital
Number of orbitals is 5. Max number of electrons is 5×2 = 10
F orbital
Number of orbitals is 7. Max number of electrons is 7×2 = 14
Orbitals have characteristic shapes
If there are two electrons in an orbital, they have to spin in opposite directions, called spin-pairing. S orbitals are spherical. P are dumbbell shaped. Three types of p orbital shapes all at right angles to each other.