Chapter 14--The Innate Immune Response

nonspecific resistance

general defense against any type of invader

skin

contains keratin (waterproof) and acid secretions

mucus membranes

contain mucus to trap microbes

contains cilia to move the mucus and microbes out of the respiratory tract

lysozyme

an enzyme that breaks down cell walls, found in tears and saliva

gastric juice

has enzymes tha HCl

stomach pH is between 1 and 2

normal flora

bacteria that live in or one the body

compete with pathogenic microbes

sentinel cells

guard at stratefic sites to detect invading microbes

lactoferrin and transferrin

iron binding proteins

bind to elemental iron so that microbes dont have access to iron, which helps microbial growth

host defense peptides

short chains of amino acids that damage microbes and stimulate the immune system

plasma

fluid portion of blood, made of proteins and water

55% of blood composition

erythrocytes

red blood cells, annucleate and eject organelles

have sacks of hemoglobin which holds iron

44% of blood composition

leukocytes

white blood cells

around 1% of blood composition

neutrophils

phagocytes

75% of WBC

eosinophils

allergies, worms

makes IgE (the allergy antibody)

basophils

histamine

lymphocytes

immune cells

monocytes

become macrophages

commits to a specific tissue

leukocytosis

increase in WBC count, usually above 10,000

leukopenia

decrease in WBC count, below 4,000

steps in phagocytosis

1. a phagocyte attaches to a microbe

2. pseudopods surround tha microbes

3. a vesicle forms around the microbe

4. the lysosome and the vesicle fuse together

5. the enzyme inside the lysosome degrades the microbe

inflammation

the process for destroying microbes and repairing tissue

1. blood vessel dilation

2. Kinins and prostaglandins and cells move into the tissue causing the signs of inflammation

4 cardinal signs of inflammation

redness

pain

heat

swelling

margination

when WBCs stick to the inner walls of capillaries

diapedesis

when WBCs squeeze through pores in capillaries and out to the tissue

fever

an increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus in response to pyrogens produced by macrophages

activates lymphocytes and phagositic cells

cytokines

proteins in the blood that are produced by cells to communicate with eachother

complement

proteins in the blood that join and punch holes in cells

cytolysis

when a cell ruptures and leaks its contents out

interferons

proteins produced by virally infected cells

leave the viral cells and spread to other cells in the body to transform those cells into anti viral states