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Origins of Species and Macroevolution
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Macroevolution
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Occurs at or above the species level.
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Speciation
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The process of species formation.
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33 Terms
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1
Macroevolution
Occurs at or above the species level.
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Speciation
The process of species formation.
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3
Species
A group of organisms that maintains a distinctive set of attributes in nature.
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4
Currently identified species on Earth
About 2 million species.
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5
Estimated total species on Earth
Ranges from 5 to 50 million.
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6
Subspecies
Groups of the same species with some differences, but not enough to be called separate species.
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7
Ecotypes
Genetically distinct bacterial populations adapted to local environments.
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8
Morphological Species Concept
Individuals of a species share measurable traits that distinguish them from other species.
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9
Biological Species Concept
A species is a group of interbreeding individuals reproductively isolated from other such groups.
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10
Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms
Prevent breeding before zygote formation.
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11
Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms
Prevent the development of viable, fertile individuals after fertilization.
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12
Allopatric Speciation
Occurs when some members of a species become geographically separated.
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13
Sympatric Speciation
Occurs when members of a species within the same range diverge into two or more species.
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14
Gradualism
Species evolve continuously over long time spans.
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15
Punctuated Equilibrium
Species remain in equilibrium for long periods, with sporadic bursts of rapid changes.
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16
Heterochrony
Evolutionary changes in the rate or timing of developmental events.
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17
Adaptive Radiation
A single species evolves into a range of descendants that differ greatly in habitat, form, or behavior.
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18
Hybrid Inviability
Species hybrids do not survive.
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19
Hybrid Sterility
Species hybrids cannot produce functional gametes.
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20
Hybrid Breakdown
Reduced fitness in the F2 generation (offspring of hybrid).
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21
Reproductive Isolation
Prevents gene pools from mixing.
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22
Ecological Isolation
Geographic barriers prevent contact.
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23
Temporal Isolation
Species reproduce at different times of day or year.
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24
Behavioral Isolation
Differences in mating signals or sexual selection.
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25
Mechanical Isolation
Incompatible reproductive structures.
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26
Gametic Isolation
Incompatible gametes prevent fertilization.
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27
Sexual Selection
Mate choice influences reproductive isolation.
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28
Panthera leo
Example of Linnaeus’ classification system (Panthera = Genus, Leo = Specific epithet).
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29
Molecular Traits
DNA sequences used to identify similarities and differences in species.
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30
Ecological Factors
Habitat-related factors that can distinguish species, especially in bacteria.
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31
Evolutionary Relationships
Based on phylogenies derived from fossil records or DNA sequences.
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32
Interspecies Hybrid
Offspring from two different species, usually with reduced fitness.
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33
Species Cluster
A group of closely related species.
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