Chapter 13, The Brain and Cranial Nerves

What are the three primary brain vesicles ?

Forebrain (Pro), Midbrain(mesencephalon), and Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon).

Superior colliculi=

visual reflex

Inferior colliculi=

auditory reflex

Which brain region contains

• Superior colliculi = visual reflex

• Inferior colliculi = auditory reflex

midbrain

Which major brain region

• Controls thought, memory, voluntary movement

• Has gyri (ridges) and sulci (grooves) to increase surface area

cerebrum

Which major brain region contains the

• Thalamus – Sensory relay station (mail sorter)

• Hypothalamus – Controls hunger, thirst, body temp, emotions, hormones

diencephalon

Which brain region acts as a central relay station in the brain, processing and relaying sensory and motor information between the cerebral cortex and other brain regions.

thalamus

Which brain region

• Controls hunger, thirst, body temp, emotions, hormones

Hypothalamus

Which brain region

• Smooths and coordinates movement

• Helps with balance and posture

• “Little brain” – 10% of brain’s weight, 50% of its neurons!

cerebellum

Damage to the cerebellum means

ataxia

Ataxia is when you_

can’t walk straight

Which brain region contains the

• Midbrain – visual/auditory reflexes, alertness

• Pons – links cerebellum, helps control breathing

• Medulla Oblongata – regulates heart rate, blood pressure, respiration

brainstem

Which brainstem controls

• visual/auditory reflexes, alertness

midbrain

Which brain stem

• links cerebellum, helps control breathing

pons

Which brainstem

• regulates heart rate, blood pressure, respiration

medulla oblongata

What does the telencephalon develop into?

The Cerebellum

What are the four major regions of the brain?

Cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem

: What is the main function of the cerebellum?

To coordinate and fine-tune movements, balance, and posture

What is ataxia?

Loss of muscle coordination due to cerebellum damage

Which part of the brain regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing?

Medulla Oblongata

What are the parts of the brainstem?

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

What are the three meninges from outermost to innermost?

the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

What does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) do?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cushions the brain and spinal cord, removes waste, and provides nutrients.

Where is CSF produced?

In the choroid plexus of the brain's ventricles

What is the subarachnoid space?

he space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater that contains CSF

What does the cerebrum do?

Controls conscious thought, memory, decision-making, voluntary movements, and perception

What does the diencephalon do?

Acts as a relay station (thalamus) and regulates hormones, emotions, body temperature, and hunger (hypothalamus)

What does the cerebellum do?

Coordinates and fine-tunes movement, posture, and balance; compares motor plans with actual movement

: What does the brainstem control?

Vital functions like breathing, heart rate, digestion, and reflexes (contains midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)

Which brain region helps maintain your balance while walking?

: The cerebellum

Which region filters sensory input and directs it to the appropriate area of the brain?

The thalamus (part of the diencephalon

Which region of the brain is responsible for survival functions like heart rate and breathing?

The medulla oblongata (part of the brainstem)

Which brain region contains the most neurons despite its small size?

The cerebellum, which is crucial for motor control and coordination.

What part of the brain processes emotions and regulates thirst, hunger, and body temp?

The hypothalamus (part of the diencephalon)

Which part of the limbic system is responsible for long-term memory?

Hippocampus

Which part of the limbic system triggers fear and stores emotional trauma?

Amygdala

Which part of the lymbic system helps regulate hunger, sex drive, and hormones?

Hypothalamus

White matter tract connecting hippocampus to hypothalamus

Fornix

What helps you assign emotional value to your thoughts/decisions?

Cingulate gyrus

What brain structure smooths out movements and prevents shakiness?

Basal nuclei

Which part helps you regulate subconscious movements like walking?

Putamen

Which disease is linked to basal nuclei damage and causes tremors?

Parkinson’s disease

True or False: The basal nuclei initiate movement.

FALSE. They refine movement started by the motor cortex.

Which brain region is the outermost layer of the cerebrum (aka the “gray matter”)

cerebral cortex

What is the main function of the limbic system?

Emotion, memory, motivation, and behavior.