MA final 1st sem

Define accreditation and define dependent

1. Accreditation: Official approval that a school or program meets specific standards.

2. Dependent: Someone covered under another person’s insurance policy.

EKG Electrodes vs. Leads ratio

There are 10 electrodes placed on the patient, which record a total of 12 leads.

Which EKG lead is the ground lead?

The Right Leg (RL).

What do the ECG waves represent?

• P wave: Atrial depolarization

• QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization

• T wave: Ventricular repolarization

EKG Paper Characteristics

• Standard Paper Speed: 25\text{ mm/sec}

• Small Square Timing: 0.04\text{ sec}

• Large Square Timing: 0.20\text{ sec}

Bipolar vs. Unipolar Leads

• Bipolar Leads: Compare two electrodes (Leads I, II, and III).

• Unipolar Leads: Compare one electrode to a central reference point.

EKG Artifacts

• somatic tremor: irregular spikes related to muscle movement(shivering, anxiety, or nervousness)

• Alternating current: regular sharp spikes caused by electrical interference

• Wandering baseline: movement from poor electrode connection or improperly, clean skin (oily, lotion, electrode loose)

• Interrupted baseline: electrode is disconnected from a wire or broken

Medicare Parts A-D

1. Part A: Hospital and inpatient care.

2. Part B: Doctor visits and outpatient care.

3. Part C: Medicare Advantage (private health plans).

4. Part D: Prescription drug coverage.

Co-payment

A fixed flat fee paid by the patient.

Co-insurance

A percentage of the total cost shared by the patient.

Deductible

The amount a patient pays before insurance begins to cover costs.

Premium

The regular monthly cost of the insurance policy.

tricare & champva

• TRICARE: Insurance for military members and their families.

• CHAMPVA: Insurance for dependents of disabled or deceased veterans.

Medicaid

• State-run insurance for low-income individuals.

What is a pre-existing condition?

A medical condition that was present before the start of the insurance coverage.

What are the four characteristics of a symptom?

1. Location
2. Radiation
3. Quality
4. Severity

Vital Sign Norms and Terms

• Normal Adult BP: Approximately 120/80\text{ mmHg}.

• Pulse Pressure: Calculated as \text{Systolic} - \text{Diastolic}.

Respiratory and Fever Terminology

• Dyspnea: Difficulty or labored breathing.

• Eupnea: Normal, unlabored breathing.

• Febrile: Having a fever.

• Afebrile: Being without a fever.

Palpation vs. Auscultation

• Palpation: Examining the body by feeling with the hands.

• Auscultation: Examining the body by listening, usually with a stethoscope.

Pharmacology Basics

• Pharmacology: The study of drugs and their effects on organisms.
• Generic Name: The official chemical name of a drug.
• Brand Name: The trademarked name given by the manufacturer.
• Antagonist: A drug that blocks a specific physiological response.

Drug Controls and Prescriptions

• Drug Schedules: Categorizations based on abuse potential and level of regulatory control.

• Prescription Rules: Controlled drugs are subject to stricter refill and storage requirements.

Dosage Calculation Formulas

• kg to lb: kg \times 2.2 = \text{pounds}
• lb to kg: lb \div 2.2 = \text{kilograms}

Nutritional Facts and Deficiencies

• Common Mineral Deficiencies: Iron and Calcium.
• Vitamin B12: Essential for nerve function and RBC formation.
• Vitamin D: Synthesized primarily via sunlight.
• Scurvy: Condition caused by a Vitamin C deficiency.

Body Mass Index (BMI) Categories

• Underweight: <18.5
• Normal: 18.5\text{--}24.9
• Overweight: 25\text{--}29.9
• Obese: \ge 30