shs 302 Quiz 1, shs 302 anatomical terminologies, shs 302 outer ear, Tympanic membrane, Middle Ear- Walls and Eustachian Tube, Middle ear- bones

auditory system

serves as the sensory receptor for sound, just as the eye is the sensory receptor for light and the nose is the sensory receptor for smell.

Sound

is a form of energy, like heat or light or electricity.

laws of physics

It adheres to the___; a concept of those laws is critical if we are to understand how sound effects the structures of the ear and how the ear converts sound energy into a form that can be interpreted by the brain

propagation of sound in air

For the most part, we are concerned with the (although sound can travel through water and solids as well).

Brownian movement

In the absence of sound, air molecules move in a random manner called

relatively constant

The spacing between air molecules remains __. until a vibrating object pushes the molecules together. The vibrating object compresses the air molecules directly in front of it, and leaves an area with fewer air molecules behind it.

Acoustical sound

is created when an object vibrates in an acoustical medium such as air

mass and elasticity

The medium must possess___ in order to transmit sound.

normal

A __hearing human being may hear this sound if the vibrations are sufficiently intense and are transmitted through the air to his/her ear.

mass and elasticity

In order for an object/source to vibrate in such a way to produce sound it must have both ___(or stiffness).

air (or any medium)

The___ that transmits the sound must also possess mass and elasticity.

mass

Quantity of matter an object occupies

Elasticity

Property that enables recovery from distortion of shape or volume

air

Tendency of air volume to return to its former volume after compression" i.e., density is restored.

simple harmonic motion

When an object such as a tuning fork, or string, or bell vibrates because a force has been applied to it, it moves in a special way called

sine wave

A graph of simple harmonic motion is a

sound

is the rhythmic compression (or condensation) and decompression (rarefaction) of air particles that results from vibration.

produce sounds

As long as the object moves, it has the potential to

one

cycle of a sine wave shows both the compression and rarefactionaspects of a vibrating object or medium (air, for example).

longitudinal waves

Sound waves are ___(in air or water) i.e., particle displacement is parallel or in the same direction of the wave propagation.

sensation

Vibrating objects produces a sound wave (in air or water) and pressure changes in this sound wave leads to

ear

acts as a biological microphone

function of the ear

is to convert physical vibration into encoded neural impulses.

speed (how fast)

The ___ at which sound travels from their source.

frequency (how often)

Whereas ___refers to number of vibrations that an individual particle makes per unit of time.

Speed

= distance/time

more

Faster waves cover ___distance.

Speed of sound in air is

330 meters/second (m/s) (740 miles per hours)

the speed of light is

670 million miles per hour.

type (density and stiffness) and temperature

It depends on the ____ of the medium.

Denser

the material slower is the speed. E.g vulcanized rubber (dense but not very stiff), 54 m/s.

Stiffer

the material faster is the speed. E.g steel 5200 m/s.

Faster; slower

at higher temperature and _ at low temperature.

period

The time that it takes for a sound wave to cycle through a compression and a rarefaction is called the

shorter

The __ the period, the higher the frequency.

longer

The ___ the period, the lower the frequency.

f = 1/p.

if you know the period of a sound wave, you can determine the frequency using the formula:

p=1/f.

If you know the frequency of the sound wave, you can determine the period using the formula

1/1000

if the period is __ of a second (or one millisecond), the frequency is f = 1/.001 or 1000 Hz (note that .001 is the same as 1/1000).

500 Hz

If the frequency is ___, the period of the sound wave is p = 1/500 or .002 (note that .002 is the same as 2/1000 of a second or 2 milliseconds)

frequency

refers to the number of vibrations that an individual particle makes per unit of time.

cycles per seconds or time = Hertz (Hz)

Frequency is measured in

pitch

Frequency is related to

20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.

Humans can hear sounds with frequencies between

Intensity or Amplitude

refers to the amount of vibratory displacement.

perception of loudness.

Intensity is related to

large

The range of Intensity in quite

20 micropascals (μPa).

the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) that is barely audible is

200,000,000 μPa

the sound pressure that is unbearable or painful is

sensitive

The ear is __ to very large range of sound pressures or intensities (20- 200,000,000 μPa).

practical situations.

This is a very large range, and it is impossible to work with in

relative levels

Hence signal magnitudes are reported as ___ computed with the log transformation.

decibel (dB)

is a logarithmic unit of measurement used to express the magnitude of a sound relative to some reference level.

dB in Sound Pressure Level (SPL) or dB SPL

refers to the magnitude of the displacement of air molecules.

20 μPa

The reference for dB SPL is

120-140 dB SPL.

Humans detect 0 dB SPL and can tolerate up to

Hearing sensitivity

varies as a function of frequency.

More sound pressure

is required to detect low-frequency and High-frequency sounds.

Less sound pressure

required to detect mid-frequency sounds.

hearing sensitivity

dB in Hearing Level (HL) scale was developed to test___ at different frequencies.

"0" (audiometric zero).

The reference level for dB HL is

the "0" reference level

was developed by determining thresholds for different audiometric frequencies for a group of young normal hearing adults.

Pure Tone Audiometry

is a test used by Audiologist to determine hearing thresholds in children (> 4 years) and adults.

Hearing thresholds

are plotted on an audiogram

Audiogram

Graphical representation of hearing thresholds in dB HL for frequencies from 125 Hz to 8000 Hz.

rarefaction

When air molecules are forced apart due to vibrating motion, they are said to be in a state of:

343 meters /second

Speed of sound in air is

the period

The time required for a sound wave to cycle through a compression and a rarefaction is called:

frequency

The number of cycles occurring in one second is referred to as the:

compression

When air molecules are forced together due to vibrating motion, they are said to be in a state of:

anatomical position

is in reference to the body being observed (whether a living human or cadaver), not the observer.

Standard Anatomical Position

The body is directly facing the observer, feet apart palms full forward.

Prone position

Face down

Supine position

Face up

Rostral or Cephalic or Cranial

(One structure situated closer to the head than other structure)

Caudal

(One structure situated closer to the tail than another structure)

Lateral

(away from the midline; on the outer side of)

Medial

(towards midline; on the inner side of)

Distal

(away from the point of origin)

Proximal

(Close to the point of origin)

Anterior

(Towards front)

Posterior

(towards back)

Dorsal

(Pertaining to the back)

Ventral

(Pertaining to the front)

Frontal or Coronal

The body part separated into anterior (front) or Posterior (back) sections.

Sagittal

The body part is separated into a left and right portion.

Transverse or Horizontal

The body part is separated into an upper and lower portion.

Superficial

Towards the surface

Deep

away from the surface

Ipsilateral

Refers to the same side of the body

Contralateral.

Refers to the opposite side of the body

External

toward the outer surface

Internal

toward the inner surface

Central

situated near the center

Peripheral

toward the outward surface

Unilateral

one sided

Bilateral

two sided

Posterior

Your eye is located ___ to your eyelid

Inferior

Your chin is located ___ to your nose

Inferior

The jaw is ___ to your forehead