Ch7/Ch13 (start of exam 2)

Protein Functions

-structural

-protective

-regulatory

-contractile

-transport

What constitutes amino acid

-R Group

-Amino group

-Hydrogen

-Carboxyl group

protein type of bond

peptide bond (covalent)

what is primary structure

sequence of amino acids

What is nucleotide made of

Three phosphate groups, sugar, and nitrogenous base

What are the nitrogen containing bases in DNA

Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine

Nucleotide Functions

-Building blocks for nucleic acid

-Energy Carriers

-Coenzymes

-Chemical Messengers

DNA RNA difference

DNA stores genetic material, RNA translates genetic material into proteins

Base pair bonding (DNA)

AT
GC

Sepsis vs. Asepsis

contamination vs. no contamination

sterile

absolutely nothing living on it

sanitize

reducing number of pathogens so they pose no threat

Cidal

kills microbe

static

inhibits growth

disinfection

reduces or destroys microbial load of inanimate item through application of heat or antimicrobial chemicals

Sanitize

reduces or destroys microbial load of inanimate item to safe public health levels through application of heat or antimicrobial chemicals

sterilization

completely eliminates all vegetative cells, endospores, and viruses, from inanimate item

Antisepsis (use on living tissue)

reduces microbial load on skin or tissue through application of antimicrobial chemical

Degerming

Reduces microbial load on skin or tissue through gentle or firm scrubbing and the use of mild chemicals

two (primary) modes of action of antimicrobial agents

-alteration of cell walls or cytoplasmic membranes

-interference with protein and nucleic acid structure

5 specific actions of antimicrobial agents

-Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

-inhibition of pathogen’s attachment or recognition of host

-Inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis

-inhibition of general metabolic pathway

-disruption of cytoplasmic membrane

-Inhibition of protein synthesis

physical controls of bacteria

-time

-temperature (heat vs cold)

-drying

-radiation

-filtration

moist heat

-used to disinfect, sanitize, and sterilize

-more effective than dry heat

• examples include boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization, UTH sterilization

boiling

-kills vegetative cell and most viruses within 10 min

-time is critical

-endospores, protozoan cysts, and some viruses can survive boiling

autoclaving

-pressure applied to hot water prevents steam from escaping

-boiling point increases as pressure increases

pasteurization

-not sterilization- heat tolerant and heat loving microbes survive

ultra high temperature sertilization

140c for 1-3 seconds, then rapid cooling

is dry heat or moist heat more potent

moist heat

dry heat

requires longer time than moist heat

refrigeration/freezing

-decrease microbial metabolism, growth, and reproduction

-Psychrophilic microbes can multiply, but refrigeration halts growth of most pathogens

Dessication and lyophilization

-drying inhibits growth due to removal of water

-desiccation using salt or sugar to produce hypertonic environment

-lyophilization- freeze dried

filtration

physically removes particles

radiation

excites electrons and causes them to make new covalent bonds

action of chemical controls

destroy structure and activity of essential macromolecules

-denaturing/hydrolyzing proteins

-disruption of cell membrane/cell walls

-disruption of other cell components (nucleic acids)