APBIO 7.1

Philosophy/Religion

Aristotle: animals could not evolve/fixed in place

Old Testament: animals do not need to change, perfect already

Linnaeus: animal adaptations were set up by god

Geology

Paleontology: study of fossils

catastrophism: cavier, every area between strata/layer in rocks/fossils represent a catastrophe that occured

uniformitarianism: Hutton, Lyell. Changes are constant, slow, and continious even today

Gradualism: earth changes in small ways slowly

Lamark

inheritance of aquired characterisitcs, 3 equally evolving giraffes, wrong

Matthus

carry capacity a little. more food = more population. advantageous traits accumulate because stronger will live longer reproduce more and thus population gets the better trait overtime

Darwin

natural selection guy

galapago islands

connected adaptations to evecntual froming of new species

Natural selection process

overpopulation, bad and good genetics. bad genetics start dying/repoducing less, better genetics are more common. eventuall those good genetics prevail and the population has good genetics because the bad genetics died out.

Fitness

ability to survive and produce fertile offspring

Reproductive success

Individuals with certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals

natural selection alters

species but does not create new genes

changes in environment cause

possible new species

individuals

do not evolve, only populations

evidence of evolution

artificial selection

observations

fossils

homology

Biogeography

Homologous structures

anatomy of structures resemble variations of the same kind of strucutre from a common ansestor (human hand bones, cat. paw bones.

Comparative embryology

homologous structuring in embryos only

vestigial structures

possibly used, but now useless for organism

molecular homologies

similarities on a molecular level like genetic code

different largely unrelated species adaptations that serve different functions but look similar. Convergent evolution does not provide information about ancestry.

Analogous traits

two+ species independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways

biogeography

geographic distribution of species

• Islands have endemic species that are often closely related to species on nearby land/islands