Levels of Organisation and Cell Biology Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering the levels of biological organisation, stem cell functions and ethics, and the role of various cell organelles.

Levels of organisation

Organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems.

Stem cell

A cell that can undergo cell division and differentiate into multiple different types of specialized cells.

Cell differentiation

The process allowing cells to develop special functions, become efficient at complex processes, and form tissues or organs.

Advantages of stem cells in medicine

• Regenerative medicine

• cell base therapies

• New drugs

• Early human development

Regenerative medicine

Stem cells replace damaged cells to potentially treat conditions like Parkinson's disease and spinal cord injuries.

Embryonic Stem cells

Cells that can differentiate into any type of specialised cells; their use involves ethical questions because the embryo must be destroyed.

Adult Stem Cells

Stem cells used to repair and replace damaged cells, found in the bone marrow of humans.

Meristems

The parts of a plant (tips of shoots and roots) where stem cells are found.

Disadvantages of stem cells in medicine

• immune rejection

• Differentiate unexpectedly

• Uncontrolled growth > Tumour Formation

• Consent issues

Nucleus

The organelle that controls all activities of the cell and contains DNA.

Cytoplasm

A gel-like substance that keeps all organelles in place and is where chemical reactions take place.

Cell membrane

Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

Mitochondria

The site where aerobic respiration happens to release energy from nutrients.

Ribosomes

Organelles responsible for protein synthesis (making proteins).

Chloroplast

A plant organelle where photosynthesis happens; it contains chlorophyll to absorb light.

Cell wall

A structure made of cellulose that keeps the plant cell's shape and stops it from bursting.

Permanent vacuole

A plant cell organelle that stores dissolve sugars, mineral ions, and other solutes.