Western Civilization Test #4

"Worlds Entangled", "Cultures of Splendor and Power", "Reordering the World"

The Little Ice Age

1620-1680;global temperature dropped, bringing less precipitation, led to agricultural failure, and resulted in spreading hunger and famine. Riots and rebellions from the lower class towards the emperor (Peasant Uprisings)

Major Commodities

sugar, silver, and slaves

Mercantilism

economic theory that trade generates wealth and is simulated by the accumulation of profitable balance, which govt should encourage by means of protectionism

Comanche

Rose in population of the Great Plains with their adaption on horses; France cultivated economic and political ties to intermarry Native American Societies

Mamluks

Rose back to power in Egypt (the crown jewel of the Ottoman empire in economics and education) through aligning with merchants

Ulama

Muslim scholars that helped cultivate power

Canton System

Required European merchants to have guild merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees

Tokugawa Japan Commerce

 Heavily restricted trade with Europeans; only the Dutch could trade

The Next Dynasty to Rule After the Fall of Ivan IV

The Romanovs

Treaty of Westphalia(1648)

Right to practice any recognized denomination; larger standing armies that used increasing numbers of mercenaries; standardization of firearms; ended the Thirty Years War

English Navigation Act of 1651

Only English ships could carry goods between England and its colonies

Enlightenment of Commerce

Caused conflict  between new ideas and old orders; consolidation of empires fostered knowledge of foreign ways; Global commerce enriched and reshaped cultures. 

Absolutist Monarchs in Europe

Mughal, Safavid, and Ottoman leaders

Cultures in Islamic World

Ottomans blended ethnic, religious, and linguistic diversity; Sufis and ulama focus on tradition and religious law; allowed autonomy to Judaism and Christianity

Administrative Law

Created balanced interest of military men and administrators or clerks; Sharia (Islamic holy law) did not suffice b/c it was silent on many secular matters

Suleiman the Magnificent

Islam’s compiled comprehensive legal code

Islam Educational System

Elaborate religious schools took students from (1) elementary schools to (2) madrasas (higher schools that emphasized law, religious sciences, the Quran, and regular sciences); (3) tekkes (schools that taught devotional strategies and religious knowledge

Portraiture

Lack of interest in most other western styles; Tulip Period: first half of the 18c. that celebrated delight in worldly goods and life’s pleasures

Islamic Architecture

Shah Abbas I had Isfahan built; wanted to create an earthly representation of heavenly paradise; buildings were open to the outside, unlike other Islamic empires; artists perfected the illustrated book (The King’s Book of Kings)

 “Divine Faith”

Mughals lavished their high culture that blended styles of architecture and faith

Shudras

members of the lower caste in Islam

Bhakti

Devotional sectors in Islamic culture

East Asia Commerce

Limited outside influence that undermined Confician notions of social hierarchy

China Publishing Sectors

 Publishing sector catered to diverse needs of elites; study aids for civil service exams; women enjoyed success in world of culture even with increasing restrictions on their lives

Foot-Binding

Corsets for your feet, keeps women’s feet small and is an example of societal standards oppressing women

Ming Government Control

 control non-written communication as well by appointing village elders as guardians of local society and instituted “village compacts” to ensure shared responsibility; with little distinction between religions

Tokugawa Japan

Chinese traditions, European teachings, and distinctly Japanese traditions; elite culture favored masked theatre (Noh) and elegant rituals for tea making and contemplation

ukiyo

Translates to “floating world”; used to describe urban lifestyle and living a life filled with pleasures

ukiyo-e

Translates to “woodblocks prints”; a art period that referenced the Edo period

Shintoism

Chinese influences did not lessen traditional religion that ventured ancestors and worshipped gods in nature

kami

spirits associated with places and activities

Kingdom of Asante

led the way in cultural attainment in Africa; kente cloth used as royal fabric

African Empires

Benin, Asante, and Oyo as they centralized their materials and trade from bronze

Bioprospecting

Taking botanical information in one place and using it in the next

Scientific Method

Formulation of a hypothesis that could be tested and controlled; Issac Newton’s Principia Mathematica; philosophes (Enlightenment thinkers) in France; Locke, Voltaire, Smith, Diderot, Rousseau

Rise of Enlightenment in Europe

A want to understand the universal truths of science and culture throughout Europe; “universal laws”

Hybrid Cultures in America

Jesuits, Dominicans, and Francisicans in the New World

Vodun

Spirit religion

Santeria

Cult of saints

Creoles

Europeans born in the New World in Spanish America

Peninsulares

Men and women born in Spain and Portugal but living in the New World

Captain James Cook

Scientific expeditions by the Royal Society in England; Aboriginals perished in great numbers from disease; domestication of European plants and animals from British certainty of superior know-how and desire to make the continent serve British interests

Popular Sovereignty

The idea that power belongs to the people; rooted in the idea of a new nation

Laissez-faire

Free trade

Innovation in the 17 c.

Printing press, industrial revolution, and adjustment towards prioritizing oils

Haiti in 1804

General Jean-Jaques Dessalines declared the island independent; fears across the Atlantic word of a free country ruled by emancipated black people

Spanish Empire in the 1800’s

1822: Pedro of Portugal declared Brazil independent; self-rule in Spanish Empire with the fall of the Bourbons; 1810-1812: Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Father Jose Maria Morelos galvanized peasant revolt that was eventually put down; 1821: Mexican generals declared independence

What did Quakers push in Africa

Anti-Slavery; Liberia and Sierra Leone became ports that released those sold illegally

New Trade in Africa

Palm kernels, peanuts, and vegetable oils; new generation of wealthy Africans in “legitimate” trade

Yoruba

Sharp adjustments because of the end of the slave trade; collapse of some powerful families and empires; free labor in other areas actually increased inter-African slavery

Palm Plantations

Rise of the use of oil for the industrial revolution in Great Britain

The Industrial Revolution

Corporations; new technologies; lure of consuming products that had once been luxury goods; concept of shopping; large-scale munitions sales; access to cheap European goods actually led to industrialization in Asia; European states nurtured industries

Bourgeoisie

Urban businessmen, financiers, and other property owners

3 Factors of Industrial Revolution

 (1) Application of energy sources that allowed more efficient production, (2) use of machinery to augment productivity of specialized labor; deployment of interchangeable parts made machines more effective and cheaper to use, and (3) many negative effects on urban spaces

Reforming Europe

Essentially failed; was nearly impossible because of the power of the janissaries and ulama

Tanzimat

 Reorganization period of 1826-1839, where legislators guaranteed equality for all subjects, regardless of religion

James Mill and John Stuart Mill

1817; argued that only dictionary rule could bring good government and economic progress to India; change from reviving local culture to replacing it with British culture; liberalism was an excuse for empire

Qing China Boarders

Taiwan, Tibit, Siberia

Innovation

Overcomes traditional economic practices in China; population over 300 million strained resources

Opium Wars

By the end of the 18th c. opium is growing in consumption and is brought in illegally; British East India Co. has the trade monopoly over opium; opium imports banned in 1729; trade deficit b/c of this; silver flowed out instead of in; opium was top import in 1803-1831

Valued Material After the Opium Wars

Cotton

Treaty of Nanjing in 1842

Acquired Hong Kong, forced China to repay war costs, and right to trade in 5 treaty ports. 

Millenarian

Convinced of the imminent coming of a just and ideal society

Tenskwatawa

Shawnee prophet that claimed natives should go back to old ways and forego European goods; doing so would help them claim victory and push American settlers back across the Appalachian Mts.

Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811

Indian removal in southeast United States

 Caste War of Yucatan

Struggle between forward-looking liberals and traditional Indians; Mexico used American money to destroy the uprising; 30-40% Maya population perished

 Jose Maria Barrera

Founded Chan Santa Cruz

Charter Act of 1833

Wound up almost all trading activities of the East India Company and gave absolute power to the governor-general

 Rebellion of 1857

Had to do with the introduction of the new Enfield rifle and the oil used on cartridges; May 10, 1857, at a barracks in Meerut; restored Mughal emperor, call for Hindu-Muslim unity