Reaction pathways

Substitute reactions

Alkane —> (Uv light + 2X) Haloalkane +HX
Haloalkane —> Amine/alcohol + HX

Addition Reactions

Hydrogenation: Alkene —> (Catalyst Pd/Pt/Ni) Alkane
Halogenation: Alkene —> (X+X) Haloalkane
Hydrohalogenation: Alkene —> (H+X) Haloalkane
Hydration: Alkene —> (H3PO4/high temp) Alcohol

Oxidation Reaction

Carboxylic acids - high temps
Aldehydes - low temps
Primary alcohol —> (Oxidising agent, Acid catalyst, High/low temp) Carboxylic acid/aldehyde

Condensation Reactions

Esterification: Carboxylic acid + alcohol —>(Catalyst H2SO4 + Heat) Ester + H2O
Synthesis of Lipids: Glycerol + 3x fatty acid —> (Enzyme) Triglyceride + 3H2O
Synthesis of Proteins: Amino + Amino —> Dipeptide +H2O
Synthesis of carbohydrates: monosaccharide + monosaccharide —> Disaccharide + H2O

Hydrolysis reactions

Esters: Ester + H2O —> (NaOH) Carboxylic acid + alcohol
Lipids: Triglyceride + 3H2O —> (NaOH) glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Proteins: Dipeptide + H2O —> (HCl + heat) amino + amino
Carbohydrates: Disaccharide + H2O —> (Enzyme) monosaccharide + monosaccharide

Transesterification of Biodiesel

Ester functional Group + 3x Methanol —> (NaOH) Glycerol + Mixture of methyl esters

Percentage Yield Formula

Actual yield/Theoretical yield x 100
Multistep: Multiple all percentages/100 X 100

Atom economy Formula

• how many reactant atoms end up in the desired product
  
  Single step: MM of desired product/ MM of all products x 100
  Multistep: MM of desired product/ MM of all reactants x 100