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Urinary System

The system comprising the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, responsible for maintaining fluid purity and health.

Homeostasis

The process by which the kidneys regulate plasma composition, eliminating metabolic wastes and toxins.

Nephron

The main functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

The volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute, indicating renal function.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

The segment of the nephron where the majority of renal reabsorption occurs, involving Na+, water, glucose, and amino acids.

Counter-current multiplication

The mechanism that allows the Loop of Henle to maintain high osmolarity in the renal medulla by drawing water out of the filtrate.

Aldosterone

A hormone that promotes sodium reabsorption and water retention in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Also known as vasopressin, it increases water reabsorption in the kidneys by adding aquaporins to the collecting duct.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

A hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in response to low blood volume.

Micturition

The medical term for urination, involving two sphincters that control urine flow from the bladder.

Renal Calculi

Commonly known as kidney stones, which can cause severe pain and are treated via lithotripsy if larger than 5mm.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

An infection often occurring in sexually active women, characterized by symptoms such as burning sensation during urination.