intro to pysch chp 7 week 2

Habituation

A process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in gradual response reduction.

Sensitization

Learning that happens when the presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus.

Classical conditioning

Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response when paired with a stimulus that already produces a response.

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism.

Unconditioned response (UR)

A reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response after being paired with a US.

Conditioned response (CR)

A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus.

Second-order conditioning

A type of learning where CS is paired with a stimulus that becomes associated with the US in an earlier procedure.

Acquisition

The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and US are presented together.

Extinction

The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US.

Spontaneous recovery

The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period.

Generalization

The CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the CS used during acquisition.

Biological preparedness

Being inclined to learn some associations as opposed to others.

Operant conditioning

Learning where the consequences of an organism's behavior determines if it repeats the same behavior in the future.

Operant behavior

Behavior that an organism performs that impacts the environment.

Reinforcer

Stimulus that increases the likelihood of behavior.

Punisher

Stimulus that decreases the likelihood of behavior.

Fixed interval schedule (FI)

Operant conditioning where reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods where an appropriate response is made.

Variable interval schedule (VI)

An operant conditioning principle where behavior is reinforced on the basis of an average time that has passed since the last reinforcement despite the exact time to the next reinforcement not being predictable.

Fixed ratio schedule (FR)

Operant conditioning where reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses is made.

Variable ratio schedule (VR)

Operant conditioning where delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses although the ratio of response to reinforcement varies.

Intermittent reinforcement

Operant conditioning where only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement.

Latent learning

Something is learned but not manifested as behavior until some time in the future.

Implicit learning

Learning that takes place independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information gain.