Information Sources, Citation Styles, and Political Systems Lecture Review

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering types of information sources, citation styles by discipline, and various political systems and institutional definitions.

Information Sources

Various types of documents containing useful data to satisfy a demand for information or knowledge.

Primary Sources

Documents containing new and original information that is the result of intellectual work, such as scientific journals, research reports, and patents.

Secondary Sources

Documents containing organized and elaborated information produced through the analysis or extraction of primary original documents, such as encyclopedias and anthologies.

Periodicals

Publications edited in successive numbered fascicles with fixed or variable periodicity, including magazines, journals, and bulletins.

Reference Works

Works designed for quick and immediate consultation, providing autonomous and precise information organized alphabetically, systematically, or chronologically.

Modern Language Association (MLA)

An official citation style used primarily in linguistics and other humanistic disciplines for structuring academic work.

American Psychological Association (APA)

A reference format used for the social sciences, including psychology, education, economics, and law.

Chicago Style

A citation style used mainly in history, social sciences, art, musicology, and literature.

Political Institutions

Entities created by societies to regulate the life of their members and resolve conflicts between individuals and groups.

Politics

An activity oriented ideologically toward group decision-making to achieve objectives or minimize the clash of interests in society.

State

A political organization constituted by stable bureaucratic institutions through which the monopoly of the use of force (sovereignty) is exercised over a population within territorial limits.

Sovereignty

The exclusive capacity that the State must have to exercise power over a given territory, also known as the monopoly of force.

Government

The main pillar of the State that possesses the authority to direct, control, and administer its institutions.

Monarchy

A system of government where the head of state is designated by hereditary honor, creating a personal and lifelong position.

Constitutional Monarchy

A form of monarchy where the king retains executive power.

Parliamentary Monarchy

A system where executive power comes from the legislative branch and the monarch serves as an essentially symbolic figure.

Cortes Generales

The legislative power in a parliamentary monarchy, consisting of the Congreso de los Diputados and the Senado.

Democracy

A form of government where power is exercised by the people through legitimate participation mechanisms, primarily universal, free, equal, direct, and secret suffrage.

Oligarchy

A degradation of the Republic where power resides in a specific group that twists rules to favor their own interests above the common good.

Despotism

A form of corruption in a republic characterized by the emergence of a single power that controls all public powers and subjects them to its will.

Constitution

A codified legal-political text that establishes the separation of powers, defines checks and balances, and serves as the fundamental law of a State.

Dictatorship

An authoritarian system where a leader or group exercises all State powers without an electoral process and with zero tolerance for political pluralism.

Anarchism

A social and political philosophy that calls for the abolition of the State and all forms of authority, hierarchy, or social control.

Socialism

A social and economic system centered on the defense of collective property over the concept of private property regarding means of production.

Information Sources

Various types of documents containing useful data to satisfy a demand for information or knowledge.

Primary Sources

Documents containing new and original information resulting from intellectual work, such as scientific journals, research reports, and patents.

Secondary Sources

Documents containing organized and elaborated information that is the product of analysis or extraction referring to original primary documents, such as encyclopedias and anthologies.

Periodical Publications

Publications edited in successive numbered issues with fixed or variable periodicity, offering updated information due to their frequency of appearance.

Reference Works

Works designed for quick and immediate consultation of autonomous and precise information, organized alphabetically, systematically, or chronologically.

Bibliographic References

The identification of ideas and information taken from other authors, which when used in a standardized style, allows others to locate the source documents.

MLA Style

The official style of the Modern Language Association, primarily used in linguistics and other humanistic disciplines.

APA Style

Developed by the American Psychological Association, this is the reference format for social sciences including psychology, education, economics, and law.

Chicago Style

A citation style used mainly in history, social sciences, art, musicology, and literature.

Politics

An ideologically oriented activity directed at group decision-making to achieve objectives or to minimize the clash between conflicting interests in society.

State

A political organization constituted by stable bureaucratic institutions that exercises the monopoly of the use of force (sovereignty) over a population within established territorial limits.

Monopoly of force

The exclusive capacity the State must have to exercise power over a given territory to maintain order and social coexistence; also known as sovereignty.

Government

The main pillar of the State that possesses the authority to direct, control, and administer its institutions.

Monarchies

Government systems where the head of State is designated by hereditary honor, serving in a personal and lifelong capacity.

Constitutional Monarchy

A type of monarchy where the king retains executive power.

Parliamentary Monarchy

A monarchy where executive power comes from the legislature (elected by citizens) and the monarch is an essentially symbolic figure.

Democracy

A form of state government where power is exercised by the people through legitimate participation mechanisms in political decision-making.

Universal Suffrage

The fundamental mechanism of citizen participation involving free, equal, direct, and secret voting to elect representatives for a specific period.

Oligarchy

A corruption of the Republic where power resides in a specific social, political, or economic group that twists norms to favor their interests over the common good.

Despotism

The emergence of a single power within a republic that controls all public powers and subjects them to its will.

Constitution

A codified legal-political text serving as the fundamental law of a State, establishing the separation of powers and the rights and freedoms of citizens.

Dictatorship

An authoritarian government system where a leader or group exercises all powers of the State without an electoral process and without tolerance for political pluralism.

Anarchism

A political and social philosophy that advocates for the opposition and abolition of the State and all forms of imposed authority, hierarchy, or social control.

Socialism

An economic and social system ideologically based on the defense of collective property over the private property of the means of production and distribution.