521 - Cardio Exam Review (From quizlet)

The spontaneous electrical activity generated by the heart that is produced by regular muscle contractions is known as

heart rate

HR X SV =

CO

An electrical disorder that presents with pacer spikes is known as

ectopic pacemaker activity

Types of cardiomyopathies

-Dilated

-Hypertrophic

-Restrictive

Myocardial cell membrane ions include:

Na+, K+, Ca+

Myocardial cell membrane proteins include:

-Gap junction

-pumps

-transporters

Which 'pacemaker' cells initiate activity?

SA node

3 multiple choice options

___________ produces electrical properties that are like pacemaker cells.

AV node

Which ectopic beat is normally generated within the atria?

PAC

1 multiple choice option

Ectopic activity is promoted by:

hypoxia

ischemia

hyperkalemia

3 multiple choice options

A First degree heart block is described as an AV block with

prolonged PR interval

3 multiple choice options

Which AV block has P waves that are not all followed by a QRS complex due to temporary failure of AV conduction?

Second Degree AV block

2 multiple choice options

Which form of AV block features intermittent non-conducted P waves without progressive prolongation of the PR interval?

Second degree Mobitz II

2 multiple choice options

Which arrhythmia occurs when an accessory pathway between atria and ventricles bypass the AV node completely while setting up a reentrant circuit?

WPW

2 multiple choice options

Which AV block features progressive PR lengthening before non-conducted P wave?

Second degree Mobitz I

1 multiple choice option

Third degree AV block is also known as

Complete AV block

What is the MC chronic rhythm disturbance initiated by ectopic foci at junction of atria with pulmonary veins?

A fib

2 multiple choice options

Which condition develops if the supply of coronary blood cannot meet the demand of the myocardium for oxygen and nutrients?

Transient MI

Patient presents with chest pain that has been unpredictable. What is the most likely dx?

Prinzmetal angina

or

unstable angina

3 multiple choice options

Basis of altered perfusion of tissues due to impaired cardiac functioning or excessive workload demands that cannot be met is known as

CHF

The transient episodes of vessel occlusion and vasoconstriction occur at the site of plaque damage, allowing for perfusion return before significant necrosis occurs is known as

unstable angina (reversible myocardial ischemia)

3 multiple choice options

Which condition causes death of myocardial tissue due to lack of O2?

MI

What condition occurs at the site where endothelial damage and plaque formation blocks or slows blood flow?

atherosclerosis disease

What transports lipids to peripheral tissues once absorbed into the small intestine?

chylomicrons

Substances that injure endothelial cells in vessels:

-glucose

-inflammation

-lipoproteins

-free radicals

-nicotine

-homocysteine

What is responsible for the increased water and electrolyte reabsorption and the kidney and is part of the compensatory body mechanism?

RAAS system

What disease results in the entanglement of poorly formed blood vessels in the brain?

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

Which disease is promoted by the influx of inflammatory cells within the adventitia induced by Angiotensin II, causing vessel formation?

Angiogenesis

A compelling argument for the cause of atherosclerosis in AAA may be due to:

arterial remodeling

Which congenital disorder can cause high-pressure blood flow that can cause vessel expansion, which may lead to a rupture in the weakened aneurysm in the brain?

Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMS)

Causes of AAA

-Arterial luminal stenosis develops

↳changes in the media cause shear stress

↳ECM matrix remodeling promotes artery expansion

-elastin breaks → diffusion of inflammatory cytokines and provides stimulation for chronic inflammation

Which arrhythmia results from decreased intrinsic pacemaker function or blocks in conduction, within the AV node or Purkinje fiber system?

Bradyarrhythmia

1 multiple choice option

Which arrhythmia is described as irregular heartbeats starting above the lower heart chambers with episodes of pounding beats suddenly starting and stopping?

SVT

Which arrhythmia occurs when there is repeated reentry of stimuli to the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A fib

2 multiple choice options

Which arrhythmia occurs when the ventricles replace the SA node as a pacemaker?

V tach

3 multiple choice options

CAD, MI, structural cardiac conditions, cardioversion, hypoxic states, congenital disease (Marfan syndrome, tetralogy of Fallot, Kawaski's disease, WPW, and long QT syndrome predisposes patient to

V fib

3 multiple choice options

causes of CAD:

chronic interruption of blood flow

↳ischemia/infarction

-genetic

-risk factors

causes of DVT:

-venous stasis

-vessel wall injury

-hyperoacgulability

-pregnancy

-excessive clotting disorder

Venous stasis ulcer

inefficient blood returns to heart & increased venous pressure in the lower extremities causes backflow into capillary exchange beds, leakage of serous fluid, and vein rupture, which leads to inflammatory substances causing ulceration

What is caused by scarring, thickening, calcification, vegetation of the valve, resulting in the sympathetic nervous system compensating low cardiac output, leading to heart failure?

aortic stenosis

Recurrent inflammation of the small and medium arteries of the legs results in thrombus formation in young men who are smokers because the tobacco products trigger an autoimmune response in these young men, and loss of arterial blood flow occurs. What is this condition called?

Thromboangiitis obliterans/Buerger's disease

Macrophages that envelop triglycerides and LDLs are known as

foam cells

Foam cells enlarging caused by more LDL, macrophages, platelets, and smooth muscle fibers which narrow the vessels occurring in the early stages of atherosclerosis cause:

fatty streak

modifiable risk factors in CAD

-smoking cessation

-healthy diet

-exercising

Higher blood pressure in CAD is caused by a "fatty streak" and the formation of calcium deposits due to

reduced blood flow in small coronary vessels

What is the gold standard for CAD diagnosis?

Cardiac catheterization

What condition arises from diminished blood flow to the heart muscle causing the sympathetic nervous system to raise BP + HR; increasing the O2 and glucose needs leading to necrosis and scar formation?

MI

What condition is characterized by the backup of fluid caused by excessive preload, leading to afterload which cannot overcome the workload due to increased PVR?

CHF

What condition is caused by bacteremia post-throat infection causes vegetation on the heart valves with general inflammation of all layers and all structures of the heart?

Rheumatic endocarditis

What can cause cardiogenic shock?

-Decreased contractility of the ventricles

-↓ CO to all organ systems caused by toxic levels of some drugs

-pericarditis

-stenosis of heart valves leading to cardiac arrest

-fatal arrhythmias

-renal failure

-stroke

Enlargement of the heart muscle/chambers of the heart caused by myocarditis, chronic cocaine use, autoimmune disease, HIV, and inherited or chronic alcohol use (thiamine deficiency)

Cardiomyopathy