Russia

19th Century Russia

Expanding, 1 crop szn, ports, ethnic & more.

Expansion of Russia

Russia had expanded to become the LARGEST nation in the world

- LOTS of raw materials (gold, diamonds, oil, natural gas)

Crop Growing Szn (19 Century)

60% of Russia has ONLY 1 crop growing season (20% is Tundra) due to extreme northern latitude - IT'S COLD!

FLOOD, DROUGHT, DISEASE, PESTS = Very Little FOOD!

- POPULATION is relatively SMALL

Port Problems

Altho. Russia had access to the Baltic (due to Peter The Great) & Black seas (due to Catherine the Great), still lacked "warm-water ports"

> necessary to SELL/EXPORT its Raw Materials

- CAN'T EASILY SELL GOODS TO OTHERS!

-Brought Russia into lotta conflict with the Ottoman Empire

Ethnicity in 19th century

While conquering territories overland, many different ethnic groups became part of Russia -(the LARGEST Slavic group)

- ETHNICALLY DIVERSE & THOSE CAPTURED DONT LIKE IT

1. Slavs - Poles, Belarussians, Ukrainians, Moldovans

2. Non-Slavs - Kazakhs, Georgians, Armenians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Finns

Political System

• Part Feudal & Part Autocratic

1. the FEUDAL SYSTEM which nobles owed their allegiance to king and SERFS to the lord

As Russia expanded, it seized lands & spread feudalism

-ABSOLUTIST run by a CZAR - Romanovs (1613)

Lib. ideas spread through Europe in the 18th & 19th centuries were REJECTED by most of the Russian Czars

Economic System

- the MANORIAL SYSTEM based on self-sufficiency and captive labor

80% of People in Russia were SERFS - NOT free to choose their Job

General foreign policy goals:

Pan-Slavism - union of all Slavic peoples under Russian control

-similar to what all Europeans had done over the previous centuries

-fought a COMMON ENEMY to unify

-Warm water ports

Examples of Unification bc of Common Enemy

(1) Britain; Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex form ENGLAND

- Vikings/Norsemen/Normans/Danes v. Alfred the Great

(2) Spain - 1469 - Navarre, Castile, Leon, & Aragon make SPAIN

- Muslims/Moors v. Ferdinand & Isabella

Italy 1861 - Sardinia, Parma, Modena, Tuscany, Lombardy

form ITALY

- Austrians, Bourbons of Southern Italy v. Mazzini, Cavour,

Garibaldi

(4) Germany - 1871 - Prussia, Bavaria, Baden, Saxony, etc.

form GERMANY

- Denmark, Austria, France v. Otto von Bismarck

Warm water ports

gaining territory on "warm" seas to SELL raw materials on a LARGE SCALE

a. Russia gained areas on the Baltic & Northern Black Seas and Pacific, had no access to warm Atlantic Ocean ports

Policies of Alexander CZAR 2

- Alexander II was educated in a western European tradition

- he believed in Enlightened Despotism - using enlightenment principles as an ABSOLUTIST

- Local Sovereignty - allowing Adult Males (over 21) to create LOCAL LAWS, subject ti his approval

Emancipation Edict

• freed serfs/ended fuedal system in Russia

• required Boyars to SELL some of their lands to former serfs

→these lands were OFTEN the WORST lands on the former Manors

• Cheap labor for factory workers; 80% of ex serfs were tenant farmers, the rest were factory

Alexander’s death

Why did Alexander Czar 2 die?

Murdered by Radical terrorists who wanted greater reforms

Czar Nicholas 2 & his policies

Russification

Russification

forced all Russians to:

• speak Russian

• accept Russian Orthodox Church

• adopt Russian custom

• Defiance penalty became more dangerous

• Pogroms

Pogroms?

the systematic gov't sponsored imprisonment and

execution of Jews & the seizure of their property

MASS GENOCIDE - 1-2M

—by okhrana

Ohkrana

secret spies, enforcers used to implement the Czar’s

policies/kill those who didn't follow it

Japan and Russia fight

Over Dominance in Asia - Rus. LOST!

1. Russians & World were shocked & humiliated

2. protests against economy, gov't & Czar about the handling of the military; blamed for failure to command & win

Bloody Sunday, Rev of 1905

- striking factory workers, nationalists, minorities, liberals protested outside the Czar's palace

Palace guards shot protesters by order of the Czar

→even GREATER protest resulted

→ Nicholas II established a legislature - Duma - to quiet protestors

Duma - makes it LOOK democratic

a. all men over 21 could vote & be eligible to be elected

b. by 1907 protest leaders were hunted down, jailed, exiled,

TORTURED or EXECUTED

c. Czar Nicholas II changed voting qualifications by allowing ONLY landowners to vote for Duma representative

Voting Qualifications

-ONLY landowners vote for rep.

(1) the Duma became conservative allowing ONLY the wealthy/upper middle to ADVISE the Czar/Tsar

(2) it did not reflect the concerns of the vast majority of Russians

1st/March Russian Rev; 1917

to GET RID OF Czar Nicholas I

Ratio of workers

75% of ALL Russians were working class

1. 60% rural peasants - share-croppers/tenant farmers - owned NOTHING

2. 15% urban industrial workers - unskilled/uneducated - very low pay

Political Causes to get rid of Nicholas

1. Most HATED Autocracy (EXCEPT for the Nobles)

a. Czar Nicholas II made decisions to HELP HIM, not majority

2. Duma HAD NO POWER to Make Laws, Js Advised Czar

a. Duma Consisted of ONLY Landowning Males = Boyars/Nobles

3. Ohkrana

Econ. Causes to get rid of Nicholas

1. the Urban/Industrial Working Class was terribly abused (like most who started industrialization)

2. ONLY 15% of jobs in Russia were Industrial Working Class

-called the Proletariat

3. Only Began Industrialization in 1860s, so it LACKED INDUSTRIAL & MECHANIZED CAPACITY - NOT enough factories

a. 80% of Rus Goods made by Domestic/Cottage Industries

→very few goods, very expensive goods

Cultural Causes to get rid of Nicholas

1. Pogroms - persecution of ethnic/religious minorities - ½ the pop.

a. Ohkrana

2. WWI - Lots of Resources, Very Few Factories

a. NOT ENOUGH GUNS for Each Soldier

b. ONLY 1 automatic rifle for EVERY 2 Soldiers

c. 1 in 5 families lost a son, spouse, brother, father in Russia

Czar/Tsar steps down

-1916 Drought

-Only 1/10 Russian Farms Had Modern Farm Machine-most food to army

-PROTESTS Began in Petrograd/St. Petersburg

-Demonstrations/Pickets - "Peace & Bread" & "Down with Autocracy"

-STRIKES were called by Soviets

-Army Mutinied Czar who Ordered Soldiers to SHOOT UNARMED PROTESTERS!"

-No longer in control of the Military, Nicholas II ABDICATES on March 15, 1917

1916 Drought

Caused Widespread Food Shortages

Mostly a 1 Crop Growing Season SO, Food Prices Increased 400%

Soviets

Workers Councils = unions

Provisional Govt

Duma in control- Alexander Kerensky

3 DUTIES

3 Duties of Duma

1. Write a New Constitution for Russia; Believed it Needed to Prevent Chaos & Disorder

2. What to Do About Fighting in World War I

a. Duma Continued a Fight Russia COULDNT WIN

3. How To Improve Economic Hardships

-1/4 of Russia was Starving to Death, Couldnt Produce Many Goods like Western Nations

Vladimir Ilytch Ulyanov - LENIN

Exiled Communist/Marxist

-returns in April 1917 to lead opp to Kerensky and the Duma

2 types of members of Soviet Union

Menshevik & Bolsheviks

Menshevik

Socialists; Wanted Gov't to Help Poor

a. Improvement for Workers/Proletariat through reform laws governing:

wage, suffrage, health & safety laws, & unemployment insur.

Bolsheviks

Communists = Seize the Private Businesses & Property. Proletariat Dictatorship

2nd/Nov. Revolution

to GET RID of Kerensky & Duma

“Peace, Land, & Bread”- make him attractive

Peace- Get Russia outta war

Land- Take land from Boyars & give to peasant

Bread- MODERNIZE/MECHANIZE FOOD PRODUCTION TO

FEED ALL

Provisional Govt Mistakes

was NOT:

a. Getting Russia Out of World War I AND

b. Nor was it Helping to Feed the People

Red Army & the Leader

LEON TROTSKY

Bolkshevik(Communist) Takeover

Duma Forces were VASTLY Outnumbered

Petersburg/Petrograd Capital & Moscow was Seized by Army

St. Basil'sis their HQ

HAMMER & SICKLE

Hammer & Sickle

Union of Industrial & Working Classes

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ( start of Civil War)

Russia OUT of WW1

. Germany & A-H got 300,000 sq. mi

. Poland, Finland, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

Opposin Forces

Reds- Hammer & Sickle

Whites- Libs/Mid Class/Former Nobles/Socialists/Former ww1 allies

WW1 Allies

US UK & France

why were they allies?

money, equip., & soldiers to fight communist msg/rev BC their nations had much more abused workers than russia