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Battle of Somme
4 month battle in 1916 where the British and French gained 6 miles of German territory, 600,000 casualties, conditions worsened by chemical weapons and attempts to starve the opposing populations
Treaty of Versailles
Germany was forced to give up territory, pay reparations, limit future armaments, and admit guilt for WWI
Munich Agreement
symbol of the failed policy of appeasement, allowed Nazi Germany to occupy Czech and resulted in further German expansion instead of peace
Pearl Harbor
Surprise attack on the U.S. Navy by Japan, seizure of territories, response to U.S. cut off of oil exports to Japan
D Day
Battle of Normandy, successful invasion of German Occupied Western Europe
Bedford Boys
Town of boys killed on D Day from the same town
Marshall Plan
US financial aid to rebuild Europe and Japanese economies
Containment
policy to halt expansion of Soviet Union through military, political, ideological, and economic, maintained extensive military base network, communism fails without expansion, many proxy wars although no “war”
Cuban Missile Crisis
Superpower crisis, Soviet Union installation of a medium range nuclear missiles in Cuba, closest US SU point to war.
Vietnam War
between north and south Vietnam, independence movement, Us involvement to stop spread of communism
Westphalian System
Modern great power system, provided each state sovereignty over its own territories with principle of non interference from other states, balance of power among the 6 most powerful states
30 Year War
Habsburg countries were defeated by protestant countries and created the principle for Westphalian system
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, U.S led military alliance formed with mostly Western European members to oppose and detect Soviet powers
Chernobyl
Nuclear accident in 1986 that released radioactive material into the atmosphere, largest nuclear disaster, in April 1986, lingering effects
United Nations Charter
all members must have sovereign equally, must obey charter, states must settle differences peacefully, must avoid using force/threatening force, UN cannot interfere with domestic affairs, states should assist UN
Stockholm Conference
1st conference in Sweden in 1972, created diplomatic foundation for international enviornmental issues, established legal beginings of international enviornmental law
1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Core UN document on human rights, although it lacks the force of international law, sets forth international norms regarding behavior by governments toward their own citizens and foreigners.
1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
Ensure the protection of economic, social, and cultural rights such as freedom from discrimination, right to mens and womens equality
1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
multilateral treaty that commits nations to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial
1979 Convention on the elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
Amnesty International:
influential nongovernmental organization that operates globally to monitor and rectify glaring abuses of political human rights
International Committee of the Red Cross
NGO that provides support such as medical care, food, and letters from home, to civilians caught in wars and prisoners of war
