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What did Tulving Suggest?
That LTM could be divided into two memory: episodic and semantic
What is the nature of episodic memory?
Like a mental diary
More personal memories, informed about experiences/events – linked to Time and context
What is the nature of semantic memory?
Like a mental Encyclopedia
Facts – words, facts, rules, meanings
What is the time reference of episodic memory?
Episodic memory is dependent on time referencing – memories about events that happen to you are linked to the time they occur
What is the time reference of semantic memories?
Semantic memories have no temporal link – factual information without reference to when it was learned
What is the spatial referencing of episodic memory?
Episodic memories are continuous (we experience a whole episode in some temporal frame)
What is the Spatial referencing of semantic memories?
Semantic memories can be inputted in a fragmented way – we can piece factual information together to create an image
How does retrieval work with episodic memory?
It is dependent on context in which the event was initially learned – context AIDS retrieval of episode memories
How does the retrieval work of semantic memories?
It is not dependent on context
How are episodic memories Forgotten?
Forgetting is due to retrieval queue Failure – they are susceptible to transformation
How are semantic memories forgotten?
They are much less susceptible to transformation so not easily forgotten
Evaluation of episodic and semantic memories
… Next FC
Summarise the case study linked to the evaluation of episodic and semantic memories
K.C was involved in a motorcycle accident and suffered brain injury.
Studies eliminated relationship between semantic learning and episodic memory showing patients with amnesia are capable of retaining new semantic knowledge in absence of semantic memory.
Casey was able to learn new semantic knowledge and retain it over a long period of time
Showed episodic and semantic memories are independent of one another
What are the store was added in 1985? (Only need to be talked about in evaluation)
The procedural memory (e.g- Riding a bike)
What is the evidence?
🙂🙂 – hippocampus was destroyed and lost all episodic memory but semantic memory still intact – evidence for difference in episodic and semantic memory (suggested by Tulvings theory)
CA- problem with Case Studies as they are all unique so cannot generalise findings
Conclusion – a lot of research to support separate semantic and episode of memory
What are the Strengths/short coming?
😞😞 – research into separate stores is problematic (cannot be studied in absolute isolation) – theory lacks validity
🙂🙂 – it can help to explain individual differences – increases validity of the theory for long-term memory
😞😞 – can be seen as reductionist - can’t explain correlation between STM and LTM – validity is questionable – further research is needed to better understand LTM
CA- reductionism - scientific way of studying memory
What is an alternative theory?
LTM can be broken into stores suggests MSM is reductionist
Tulving Suggested the procedural memory store in LTM to explain HMM
