aphg ch6

action space

geographical area containing space an individual interacts w/ on a daily basis

beaux arts

movement within city planning & urban design combining older, classical forms w/ newer, industrial ones. (wide thoroughfares, spacious parks, civic monuments stressing progress, freedom, & national unity)

blockbusting

real estate agents & developers encouraging affluent white property owners to sell homes & businesses at loss by stoking fears that neighbourhoods were being overtaken by racial or ethnic minorities. early as 1900

boomburb

large, rapidly growing city suburban in character but resembles population of larger urban cores

borchert’s epochs

john r. borchert. american cities undergone 5 major epochs/periods of development shaped by dominant forms of transportation/communication at time

sail wagon (1790-1830)

iron horse (1830-1870)

steel rail (1870-1920)

auto-air-amenity (1920-1970)

high-technology (1970-present)

central business district

downtown/nucleus of city where retail stores, offices, & cultural activities are concentrated, high building density & transportation systems converge

central-place theory

walter christaller, early 1900s. explains size & distribution of cities in terms of competitive supply of goods & services to dispersed populations

city beautiful movement

environmental design, drawing directly from beaux arts school. put order on industrial centers by creating urban spaces w/ sense of morality & civic pride

colonial cities

cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. often established on existing native cities, overtaking infrastructure

concentric-zone model

describes urban environments as series of rings of distinct land uses radiating out from central core, or central business district (chicago)

edge cities

cities located on outskirts of larger cities, serve same functions of urban areas but in sprawling, decentralized suburban environment

european cities

extreme density, narrow buildings, winding streets, ornate church as city center, high walls surrounding city center

exurbanite

person who left inner city & moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas

feudal cities

cities that arose during middle ages & represent time of stagnation in urban growth. fostered dependent relationship between wealthy landowners & peasants who worked land, very little alternative economic opportunities.

forward capital

capital city placed in remote/peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic reasons (brasilia, brazil; Islamabad, pakistan)

galactic city model (multiple nuclei model)

circular-city model characterizing role of automobile in postindustrial era (la, houston)

gateway cities

cities that become ports of entry & distribution centers for large geographic areas bc of their geographic location

gentrification

trend of middle & upper-income americans moving into city centers & rehabilitating architecture & replacing low-income populations, changing social character of neighbourhoods

ghettoization

process in inner cities where they become dilapidated centers of poverty when affluent whites move out to suburbs & immigrants & poc vie for scarce jobs & resources

great mgiration

early 1900s mass movement of african americans from deep south to industrial north (esp chicago)

hinterland

market area surrounding urban center than urban center serves

inner-city decay

parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of populations as result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. inner city loses tax base, becomes center of poverty

islamic cities

cities in muslim countries owing structure to religious beliefs. mosques at center, walls guarding perimeter. open-air markets, courtyards w/ high walls, dead-end streets limiting foot traffic in residential neighbourhoods

latin american cities

colonialism, rapid rise of industrialization, rapid increases in population. distinctive sectors of industrial/residential development radiating out from cbd

megacities

cities where high population growth & migration caused them to explode in population since wwii. chaotic & unplanned growth, terrible pollution & widespread poverty [paris, london]

megalopolis

several metropolitan areas originally separate but joined tgther to form large, sprawling, urban complex

metacities

larger than megacities, urban region where multiple dense areas/cores are interspersed w/ suburbs & green spaces (& squatter settlements in case of developing countries) [tokyo, nyc, mumbai]

metropolitan area

urban area consisting of 1 or more whole county units, usually containing several urbanized areas/suburbs all acting together as coherent economic whole

modern architecture

efficient geometrical structures made of concrete & glass

multiple-nuclei model

cities having numerous centers of business & cultural activity > 1 central place

new urbanism

promoting mixed-used commercial & residential development & pedestrian-friendly, community-oriented cities. reaction to sprawling, automobile-centered cities.

node

geographical center of activity. large cities have multiple

postmodern architecture

reaction to sterile alienation from modern architecture. uses, older, historical styles & sense of lightheartedness & eclecticism. combine pleasant-looking forms & playful colours, more people-friendly.

primate city

country’s leading city w/ population disproportionately greater than other urban areas. over 2x

rank-size rule

population of any given town inversely proportional to rank in country’s hierarchy when distribution of cities according to sizes follows pattern

sector model

model of urban land use placing cbd in middle w/ wedge-shaped sectors radiating outward along transportation corridors

segregation

resulting from suburbanization when affluent individuals leave city center for homogenous suburban neighbourhoods. isolates individuals who can’t afford relocation, must remain in certain pockets of central city.

squatter settlements

residential developments characterized by extreme poverty usually existing on land just outside of cities neither owned or rented by occupents

suburbs

residential communities outside city centers, relatively homogenous populations

urban morphology

physical form of city/urban region

urban revitalization

process occurring in some urban areas experience inner-city decay. usually involves construction of new shopping districts, entertainment venues, & cultural attractions to entice young urban professionals into cities for more accessible nightlife/culture.