Knowing the Self and Human Development Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the chapters on Knowing the Self, Human Development, Adolescence, Cognitive and Moral Stages, Stress Management, and Brain Functions.

Self

The total and essential being of a person. It includes the qualities, thoughts, feelings, experiences, and characteristics that make you you.

Knowing the Self

Understanding who you are, what you think and feel, what you like, how you behave, and how you relate to other people.

Unique Self

The combination of your characteristics, habits, and experiences that makes you different from everyone else.

Characteristics

Your features or qualities that describe you. Example: "I am tall," "I am friendly," or "I am shy."

Habits

Things you regularly do or enjoy doing. Example: studying at night, playing games, singing, or exercising.

Experiences

Important events or moments in your life that affect or shape who you are. Example: winning a competition or moving to a new school.

Physical Body

The body you can see and touch. It includes your appearance, body structure, growth, and physical abilities.

Mind/Cognitive Aspect

The part of yourself connected to thinking, learning, remembering, reasoning, and solving problems.

Heart/Affective Aspect

The emotional side of yourself. It includes your feelings, moods, emotions, and how you respond emotionally.

Social Dimension

The part of yourself connected to other people. It includes friendships, family relationships, communication, and social behavior.

Spiritual Dimension

The part of yourself connected to beliefs, values, faith, purpose, and your understanding of something greater than yourself.

Self-Concept

What you think and know about yourself. It includes your identity, personality, abilities, strengths, weaknesses, and characteristics.

Self-Esteem

How much you value and feel about yourself. It can be affected by praise, criticism, success, failure, and feedback from others.

Positive Self-Esteem

Feeling that you are valuable and capable even when you make mistakes.

Negative Self-Esteem

Frequently feeling that you are not good enough, worthless, or incapable.

Johari Window

A tool developed by Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham that helps people understand themselves and their relationships with others.

Open Self

Things about you that you know and other people also know.

Blind Self

Things about you that other people know but you don't realize about yourself.

Hidden Self

Things about you that you know but other people don't know.

Unknown Self

Things about you that neither you nor other people know yet.

Puberty

A period when the body changes from a child's body into a more mature body capable of reproduction.

Adolescence

The stage between childhood and adulthood where major physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual changes happen.

Early Adolescence

Usually around $12-14$ years old. Major physical and hormonal changes begin.

Middle Adolescence

Usually around $15-17$ years old. Thinking becomes more advanced, identity becomes more important, and relationships become more complex.

Late Adolescence

Usually around $18-21$ years old. Physical changes become more stable, while abstract thinking, independence, identity, and future planning become stronger.

Menarche

A girl's first menstrual period. It is one of the signs that puberty has begun.

Sex Hormones

Hormones that help control sexual development and changes during puberty.

Sex Drive

The natural desire or interest related to sexual activity that can increase during puberty because of hormonal changes.

Physical Development

Changes in the body's size, shape, strength, abilities, and physical features as a person grows.

Physiological Development

Changes in how the body's organs and systems function as a person grows and matures.

Growth

Physical changes such as becoming taller, heavier, and stronger.

Reproduction

The biological process through which living things produce offspring.

Nocturnal Emission

The release of semen during sleep, sometimes called a "wet dream." It can naturally occur during male puberty.

Neurobiological Development

Changes and growth in the brain and nervous system that affect how we think, feel, learn, and behave.

Neuron

A specialized cell that sends and receives information in the nervous system.

Brain Maturation

The process in which the brain develops and its connections become more organized and efficient.

Cognitive Development

The development of abilities such as thinking, learning, remembering, reasoning, problem-solving, and understanding.

Abstract Thinking

The ability to think about ideas that cannot be directly seen or touched, such as justice, freedom, love, or future possibilities.

Logical Thinking

Using facts and reasoning to reach a sensible conclusion.

Hypothetical Thinking

Thinking about "what if?" situations and possible outcomes.

Analytical Thinking

Breaking information or a problem into smaller parts to understand it better.

Jean Piaget

A Swiss psychologist who developed the Theory of Intellectual/Cognitive Development.

Sensorimotor Stage

$0-2$ years. Babies learn mainly through their senses and physical actions.

Egocentrism

Difficulty understanding another person's point of view. A young child mainly sees the world from their own perspective.

Object Permanence

Understanding that an object still exists even when you cannot see it.

Pre-operational Stage

$2-7$ years. Children develop language and imagination and begin using symbols and pretend play, but logical thinking is still limited.

Symbolic Play

Using one object or action to represent something else. Example: Pretending a box is a car.

Imitation

Learning by copying the actions or behavior of parents, caregivers, or others.

Concrete Operational Stage

$7-11$ years. Children begin using logic, especially when dealing with real or concrete things.

Perspective-Taking

Becoming better at understanding other people's thoughts, feelings, and viewpoints.

Formal Operational Stage

$11$ years and up. The ability to think abstractly, logically, and hypothetically becomes much stronger.

Deductive Reasoning

Starting with general information or rules and using them to reach a specific conclusion.

Abstract Reasoning

Thinking about ideas that are not directly connected to physical objects.

Empathy

The ability to understand and consider another person's feelings or point of view.

Idealism

Believing strongly in ideas about how things should be, such as fairness, equality, or justice.

Diversity

Recognizing and appreciating that people have different backgrounds, beliefs, experiences, and ways of thinking.

Erik Erikson

A developmental psychologist known for his Theory of Psychosocial Development and the idea of identity crisis.

Psychosocial Development

Development that happens through the interaction between a person's psychological needs and their social environment.

Identity

Your understanding of who you are, including your values, beliefs, personality, goals, and roles.

Identity Crisis

A period of confusion or questioning about who you are and what you want to become.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Infancy stage where babies learn whether the world is safe and whether they can trust caregivers.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Early Childhood stage where children learn independence and control over their actions.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Preschool stage where children learn to take initiative, explore, and make decisions.

Industry vs. Inferiority

School Age stage where children develop skills and confidence through school and activities.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Adolescence stage where teens explore who they are, what they believe, and what they want to become.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young Adulthood stage where adults develop close and meaningful relationships.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle Adulthood stage where adults focus on contributing to others and future generations.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Late Adulthood stage where older adults reflect on their lives and try to find meaning and satisfaction.

Social Development

Learning how to communicate, interact, cooperate, and form relationships with other people.

Emotional Development

Learning how to understand, express, and manage your emotions.

Acquaintance

Someone you know but do not have a very close relationship with.

Friendship

A closer relationship based on trust, shared experiences, communication, and mutual care.

Romantic Relationship

A more intimate relationship involving emotional closeness and romantic feelings.

Social Balance

Managing your time, energy, and attention between friends, family, school, personal needs, and other responsibilities.

Lawrence Kohlberg

A psychologist who expanded ideas from Piaget and developed the Stages of Moral Development.

Moral Development

The process of developing ideas about what is right, wrong, fair, or unfair.

Pre-conventional Morality

Level 1 of morality where decisions are mainly based on punishment, rewards, and personal benefit.

Obedience and Punishment Orientation

A person follows rules mainly to avoid punishment. "I won't do it because I'll get punished."

Individualism and Exchange

A person understands that people can have different needs and viewpoints and may think about what they can gain in return. "I'll help you if you help me."

Conventional Morality

Level 2 of morality where decisions are based on social rules, expectations, approval, and maintaining order.

Good Interpersonal Relationships

A person wants to behave well because they want to be liked, accepted, or approved by others.

Maintaining Social Order

A person follows laws and rules because they understand that rules help keep society organized.

Post-conventional Morality

Level 3 of morality where decisions are based on personally chosen principles, rights, justice, and fairness, rather than simply following rules.

Social Contract and Individual Rights

Understanding that laws should protect people's rights and benefit society, but some laws may need to change if they are unfair.

Universal Principles

Following personal moral principles such as justice, equality, and human rights, even when they go against what the majority believes.

Spiritual Development

The development of a person's beliefs, values, sense of purpose, faith, and connection to something greater than themselves.

Spiritual Awakening

Becoming more aware of spiritual questions, beliefs, purpose, or the existence of the divine.

Spiritual Expression

Showing spirituality through activities such as religious groups, clubs, discussions, prayer, worship, or other faith-based activities.

Robert Havighurst

A developmental psychologist who explained that people have developmental tasks they are expected to learn or accomplish at different ages.

Developmental Task

A skill, behavior, or goal that a person is expected to develop during a certain stage of life.

Infancy & Early Childhood Task

Ages $0-5$ years; learn to walk, talk, use the toilet, and form relationships.

Middle Childhood Task

Ages $6-12$ years; develop school skills, learn values and conscience, and become more independent.

Adolescence Task

Ages $13-17$ years; develop emotional independence, prepare for work, develop mature peer relationships, and become more socially responsible.

Early Adulthood Task

Ages $18-35$ years; choose a life partner, establish a family, create a home, and establish a career.

Middle Age Task

Ages $36-60$ years; maintain a standard of living, fulfill social responsibilities, maintain relationships, and adjust to physical changes.

Later Maturity Task

Ages $60+$ years; adjust to declining health, retirement, changing social roles, and loss of loved ones.

Stress

A natural response of the body and mind when dealing with demands, pressure, threats, or difficult situations.

Homeostatic State

A state of balance or stability in the body's systems.

Eustress

Good stress that can motivate you, improve focus, increase energy, and help performance.

Distress

Bad or harmful stress that can cause anxiety, worry, exhaustion, and poor performance when it becomes too much.