Variations in Psychological Attributes

What are individual differences?

It refers to the distinctiveness and variations among people’s characteristics and behavior pattern

What is one of the main concerns of modern psychology?

Study of individual difference

What are the characteristics of Emotionally Intelligent Persons?

Perceive and be sensitive to your feelings and emotions.

Perceive and be sensitive to various types of emotions in others by noting their body language, voice and tone, and facial expressions.

Relate your emotions to your thoughts so that you take them into account while solving problems and taking decisions.

Understand the powerful influence of the nature and intensity of your emotions.

Control and regulate your emotions and their expressions while dealing with self and others to achieve harmony and peace.

How did Salovey and Mayer define emotional intelligence?

“the ability to monitor one’s own and other’s emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one’s thinking and actions

What is situationism?

Situations and circumstances affect a person’s behavior

Human behavior is more a result of external factors

Ex. An aggressive person maybe submissive to their boss

How is Intelligence evaluated in India?

On Holistic grounds, attention if given to both cognitive and non-cognitive processes asn their integration as well

What is the first stop in understanding a psychological attribute?

Assessment

How does The American Association on Mental Deficiency define intellectual disablity?

views intellectual disability as “significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period

What is Assessment?

Measurment of psychological attributes of individual and their evaluation, using multiple methods

You can’t say an attribute exists without using scientific procedures.

Useful for predicting how person will behave in the future.

Uses systematic testing procedures to evaluate abilities, behaviors, and personal qualities of individuals

Formal and Informal

Difference between formal and informal assessment?

Formal assessment is objective, standardized, and organized (Psychologists are trained in formal assessment). Consistent. Only psychologists are trained

Informal assessment varies from case to case from one assessor to another, so it is open to subjective interpretation. Not standardized so inconsistent

What are the psychlogical attributes?

Multi-dimensional not linear or unidimensional. Described like a box

5 - Intelligence, Aptitude, Interest, Values, Personality

Intelligence - Is the overall global capacity to understand the world, think rationally and use available resources effectively when faced with situation/challenges. General cognitive competence/ability (Lower intelligence = lower test scores, tests tell if you can benefit from schooling). Global measure of a person’s general cognitive competence

Aptitude - refers to an individual’s underlying potential for acquiring skills (Used to see what you’re good at if given resources and environment)

Interest - a person’s preference for engaging in one or more specific activities. Person is more willing (Used to see what you want to do)

Personality - Relatively enduring characteristics that make a person distinct. (Used to see unique characteristics like if you’re outgoing. Helps predicts future behavior).

Values - Enduring beliefs about an ideal mode of behavior. A set of standard rules through which a people live their life (Guides life and judges others through it. Helps see how a person would act in a specific situation)

What are some methods or psychological assessment?

5 - Psychological Test, Interview, Case Study, Observation, Self-Report

Psychological Test - Objective and standardized measure of and individual mental and/or behavioral characteristics. Used for diagnosis, guidance, training and placement. 16PF, MMPI, MBTI

Interview - Involves seeking information from a person on a one-by-one basis

Case Study - In-depth study of the individual in terms of their psychological attributes, psychological history in the context of their psychosocial and physical environment, Used by Clinical psychologists. Based on data generated from other methods (Interview, observation, questionnaire, psychological test). Case study of great people can be illuminating

Observation - employing systematic, organized, and objective procedures to record behavioral phenomena occurring naturally in real time. Observer has little control over the situation. Reports suffer from subjective interpretations. Participant (Researcher engages in the activity) and Non-Participant (Researcher doesn’t engage).

Self-Report - a method in which a person provides factual information about themselves or opinions, beliefs that they may hold. Obtained by interview, questionnaire or a test or personal diary

Definitions of intelligence

Oxford - The power of perceiving, learning, understanding and knowing

Alfred Binet - Ability to judge well, understand well, and reason well

Wechsler - the global and aggregate capacity of an individual to think rationally, act purposefully, and to deal effectively with her/his environment.

What are the two types of aptitude tests?

Independant (Specialized) like Typing Aptitude test, numerical aptitude test,

Multiple (Generalized) include different aptitude tests battery, general aptitude test battery which measures intelligence in separate yet homogenous areas

Differential Aptitude Tests (DAT), the General Aptitude Tests Battery (GATB), and the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (

Theories of Psychometric Approach

Structure of Intellect model(J.P.Guilford)

Arthur Jensen (Level 1 and 2)

Charles Spearman two-factor theory

Uni Factor theory

Theories of Information-Processing Approach

Howard Gardener’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

PASS

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory Of Intelligence

Approaches to intelligence

Psychometric approach - intelligence is an aggregate of abilities, expresses performance in single index of cognitive abilities (Quantified)

Information-processing approach - describes the processes people use in intellectual reasoning and problem solving. Focuses on how an intelligent person acts instead of the underlying structure, cognitive function underlying intelligent behavior.

What is the Uni/One factor theory of intelligence?

Alfred Binet

One set of similar abilities that can be used to solve any problem. Disputes when psychologist began analyzing data (Mental Ability)

Psychometric Approach

Arose from his interest in differentiating more intelligent from less intelligent individuals.

What is the two-factor theory of intelligence?

Charles Spearman

Employed statistical method called factor analysis

Intelligence consists of general factor (g-factor) and specific factors (s-factors)

G-factor includes mental operations that are primary and common to all performances.

S-factor are the special abilities like a singer being good at singing

Psychometric Approach

General and Specific Factors

What is the Louis Thurstone’s Theory of intelligence?

Theory of primary mental abilities

Relatively independent of others

Comprehensive not independently judged

Seven primary abilities -

Verbal Comprehension (meaning of words),

Numerical Abilities (speed and accuracy of numerical skills),

Spatial Relations (visualizing patterns and forms)

Perceptual Speed (Speed in perceiving details)

Word Fluency (Using words fluently and flexibly)

Memory

Inductive Reasoning (Deriving general rules from presented facts)

What is Arthur Jensen’s hierarchical model of intelligence?

Consists of abilities operating at two levels

Level 1 - Associative learning output is similar to input (memory)

Level 2 - Cognitive competence, higher order skills to transform input into effective output. Manipulating Level 1 to get a products

Psychometric Approach

What is J.P Guilford’s model if intelligence? Structure of Intellect model?

Classifies intellectual traits into Operation, Contents, and Products.

Operations is what the respondent does like cognition, memory, recording, memory retention

Contents are the nature of materials or information of which operations are performed (Visual, auditory, symbolic, semantic, and behavioral.

Products are the form in which the information is processed. Classified into units, classes, relations, systems, transformation, and implication

180 cells. Each cell has one factor or ability. may have more

Each factor is described of all three dimensions

Psychometric Approach

What is the Theory of Multiple Intelligences?

Howard Gardner

Intelligence is not a single entity. There are distinct intelligences that exist which are independent of each other.

Do work together sometimes

He studied talented people
Only Howard Gardner had a theory Multiple Intelligence not Louis Thurstone

First person to give a theory of Multiple Intelligences

Information-Processing Approach

What are the eight types of Intelligence in Gardner’s model?

Linguistic (Ability to produce and use language), known as word smart. Understand different word meanings and create linguistic images in their minds. Poets/Writers

Logical-Mathematical (An ability to think logically and critically and solve problems). Engage in abstract reasoning and can manipulate symbols to solve mathematical problems. Nobel Prize winners

Visual-Spatial (An Ability to form visual images and patterns). Represents spatial world in their mind. Pilots, sailors, sculptors.

Musical (An ability to produce and manipulate musical rhythms and patterns). Sensitive to sounds and vibrations, and create new patters of sound

Bodily-Kinesthetic (An ability to use whole or portions of the body flexibly and creatively). Athletes, dancers, actors, surgeon.

Interpersonal (An ability to understand to subtle aspects of others behavior). Psychologists, counsellors, politicians, social workers and religious leaders

Intrapersonal (An ability to understand of one’s own feelings, motives, and desires) Know their identity, human existence and the meaning of life. Philosophers and Spiritual leaders

Naturalistic (an ability to identify the features of the natural world). Hunters, farmers, tourists

What is Trarchic Theory of Intelligence?

Robert Sternberg (1985)

ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture

Componential, Experiential and Contextual

Information-Processing Approach

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. Robert Sternberg

Componential Intelligence is analysis of information to solve problems. Able to succeed in School

• Knowledge Acquisition is responsible for learning and acquisition of doing things. Encode, combine and compare information

• Higher / Meta Order Component is planning what to do and how to do it. Control, evaluate, monitor, plan

• Performance Component is actually doing the thing

Experiential/Creative intelligence is using past experiences to creatively solve novel problems. Ability to filter out crucial information for a given situation. Novelty and Automation

Contextual Intelligence involves the ability to adapt to environmental demands. Street smart, Business sense

Has EQ (Contextual Intelligence)

Samarqand

Planning, Attention-arousal, and Simultaneous-successive (PASS)Model

information processing approach to intelligence

Neurological theory of Intelligence

by J.P. Das (Indian), Jack Naglieri, and Kirby (1994).

Interdependent functioning of three neurological systems called Functional Units of Brain

Responsible for Planning, Attention-arousal, and Simultaneous-successive

Arousal/Attention: Focuses attention on stimuli. Teacher tells you test is coming

Simultaneous-successive Processing: Simultaneous is Perceive relations among various concepts and integrate them into a meaningful pattern (RPM test). Meaning and relationship between abstract figures

Successive processing is when one memory retrieves another memory sequentially. like learning digits, alphabets.

Simultaneous needs both because you need a relationship to solve problem

Planning: Allows to think of possible courses of action. Higher cognitive concept used in last one. Helps review the gaps and device alternate plans. If plan does not work it is modified

Information-Processing Approach

What is Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) Test about?

A design is given to you of in which one part is removed. You’re given six options that best complete the design

Simultaneous processing test

What is Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)?

Das and Naglieri

Verbal and not verbal tests that measure basic cognitive functions

5-18 years of age

Battery of tests

Can be used to remedy cognitive deficits of children with learning problme

What is intelligence a product of?

Nature and Nurture

Correlation of intelligence of diff samples

Identical Twins separated together correlate .90

Identical twins separated in childhood .72

Fraternal twins reared apart .6

Siblings reared together .5

Siblings reared apart correlate .25

Last one supports environment

Who intelligence is more similar to the one of an adopted child?

Biological parent not adoptive patent

It gets closer to adoptive parents as they grow

How are nature and nurture combined?

Heredity sets a range within which individuals development is set by environment

Most common aptitude test

DAT (Differential Aptitude Test) 8 sub test

Verbal Reasoning

Numerical Reasoning

Abstract Reasoning

Clerical Speed and Accuracy

Mechanical Reasoning

Space Relations

Spelling

Language Usage

Who made an Indian Adaptation of the DAT?

J.M. Ojha

What is first successful attempt to formally measure age?

1905, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

Measure of person’s intellect development relative to their age

When did Mental age come?

1908

What is Chronological Age?

Biological Age

What is MA?

Mental age

Measure of person’s intellectual development relative to people of their age group

How did Binet and Simon classify smart kids?

Is MA is more that CA the kid is bright

A dull kid’s MA is less than CA

A retarded kid’s MA is 2 years less that CA

What is IQ?

1912, William Stern

Mental Age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100

IQ = MA/CA * 100

What is the normal curve?

Most people’s IQ tends to be in the middle. Bell curve

Mean IQ =100

90-110 is normal intelligence

<70 = Intellectual Disability

>130 = exertional talent, intellectually gifted

IQ range

130 - Very Superior 2.2 Intellectual Gifted

120-130 Superior 6.7

110-119 High Average 16.1

90-109 Average 50.0

80-89 Low Average

70-79 Borderline

Below 70 Intellectually disabled

How is intellectual disability classified ?

55-70 IQ = mild

35-40, 50-55 IQ = moderate

20-25, 35-40 IQ = severe

Below 20-25 IQ = Profound

Mild can hold jobs and families

Gets worse as it goes down

How is Intellectual Disability defined?

AAMMD views intellectual disability as “significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period

IQ < 70

Deficits in adaptive behavior

Observed during developmental period (0-18)

What is Giftedness from teachers point of view?

exceptional talent in wide areas

high ability, high creativity, and high commitment.

What is Talent?

Remarkable ability in specific field known and prodigy

When did to the study of gifted Individual begin?

1925 by Lewis Terman

Who are prodigies?

Highly talented people

Characteristic of gifted children?

Advanced logical thinking, questioning

and problem solving behaviour.

• High speed in processing information.

• Superior generalisation and discri

mination ability.

• Advanced level of original and creative

thinking.

• High level of intrinsic motivation and

self-esteem.

• Independent and non-conformist

thinking.

• Preference for solitary academic

activities for long periods.

What do gifted children require?

Special attention, and different educational programmes to harpen children’s skills in productive thinking, planning, decision-making, and communication.

Types of Intelligence Tests

Individual/Group Test - Administrator is sensitive to feelings in Indvidual test by not in group test. Individual test can answer orally, group test have to give MCQ

Verbal, Non-Verbal, or Performance Tests - RPM is Nonverbal test, Kohls’ Block Design Test is performance test.

In verbal test requires to give answer orally or in written. Can be only given to literate people

If person is not literate or has language gaps. They are given a non-verbal test. RPM

In performance test you actually manipulate the objects. Can be conducted across culture. Culture-Fair test. Kohls’ Block Design Test. Wooden blocks you have to arrange a pattern in a given time

Culture-Fair or Culture-Biased Tests - Intelligence tests show bias in culture. White middle-class people do better. Hard to make culture fair test

Performance/Projective/ tests can’t be given in group settings

Non Verbal and Performance test help reduce cultural bias

What are some ill effects of Intelligence tests?

Scoring bad may attach a stigma to a child making them lose self-respect and do bad on their test

Might invite discriminatory practices from society

Underestimates the IQ of kids coming from poor backgrounds. Biased to middle and higher class

Don’t capture the creative side of people. They may still succeed

Who made the Hindi Intelligence test?

S.M. Mohsin

What is WAIS (Weschler’s Adult Intelligence Scales)?

Weschler Test

Verbal Comprehension

Perceptual Reasoning

Working Memory

Processing Spees

What is a popular intelligence test in India?

Bhatia’s Battery of Performance tests

Who tried to standardize Binet’s test inn Urdu and Punjabi?

C.H. Rice

Who tried to standardize Binet’s test in Bengali?

Mahanobis

Who prepared a Mental Measurment Handbook of 103 tests in India?

Long and Mehta

What did Vygotsky say about culture effect of intelligence?

Culture gives a social context to understand the world around them

In less developed societies personal skills are more important while in developed societies achievements founded on abilities are important

What mental functions is different amoung cultures according to Vygotsky?

Elementary mental functions such as crying of attending to mothers voice is the same

Higher mental functions such as problem solving and thinking are culture-produces

What is culture?

A collective system of customs, beliefs, attitudes, and achievements in art and literature

Who theory have some influence of culture?

Sternberg’s notion of Contextual and practical intelligence

What is technological intelligence?

Attention, observation, analysis, performance, speed and achievement orientation

Used in technologically advanced societies.

Skills of genralisation and abstraction, speed, minimal moves and mental manipulation

Not valued in many Asian and African societies

What is Integral intelligence?

Connectivity with the social and world environment

What is Buddhi?

Mental effort, determined action, feelings, and opinions along with knowledge, discrimination and understanding according to J.P. Das

Knowledge of oneself based on conscience, will and desire

Facets of Intelligence in Indian tradition/ Integral intelligence

Cognitive and non-cognitive processes

Cognitive capacity (sensitivity to context, understanding, discrimination, problem solving, and effective communication)

Social Competence (respect for social order, commitment to elders, the young and the needy, concern about others, recognizing others’ perspectives).

Emotional competence( self regulation and self-monitoring of emotions, honesty, politeness, good conduct, and self-evaluation).

Entrepreneurial competence (commitment, persistence, patience, hard work, vigilance, and goal-directed behaviours).

What is Emotional intelligence?

Skills that underlie accurate appraisal, expression, and regulation of emotion

What is Emotional Quotient?

Ability to process information accurately and efficiently

What has Emotional Intelligence helped in?

Increasing attention of educators for dealing with students who are affected by stress

Benefits academic achievement

Encourage cooperative behavior

Reduce antisocial activities.

What is Aptitude?

combination of characteristics that indicates an individual’s capacity to acquire some specific knowledge or skill after training.

Aptitude tests

Independant aptitude

Multiple aptitude test

DAT - Verbal Reasoning, (ii) Numerical Reasoning, (iii) Abstract Reasoning, (iv) Clerical Speed and Accuracy, (v) Mechanical Reasoning, (vi) Space Relations, (vii) Spelling, and (viii) Language Usage

Landmark research in creativity and IQ

Terman in the 1920s

High IQ does not ensure high creativity

What is Creativity?

Ability of person to think and ponder upon novel and innovating solutions to the given problem and divergent thinking which refers to thinking in a broad and open-minded manner

Divergent (Out of the box)

Broad an open minded manner

Are intelligence and creativity intertwined?

Need certain amount of intelligence to be creative

Does not ensure that as intelligence increases creativity increaser

Variations in creativity

Heredity and environment

motivation, commitment, family support, peer influences, training opportunities,

General feature of creative tests

Open ended

Divergent thinking

What is the structure of creative tests?

It is standardized, a complete set of manual and interpretation guide

Only used after extensive training in administration and interpretation of test scores

Famous people who have made creativity tests

Guilford, Torrance, Khatena, Wallach and Kogan, Paramesh, Baqer Mehdi, and Passi.

What is a novel solution to a problem called?

Creativity

What do you need in order to be successful in a particular field?

Interest and Aptitude

Who made creative tests?

Guilford, Torrance, Khatena, Wallach and Kogan, Paramesh, Baqer Mehdi, and Passi.