AP HuGe - Chapter 5 Vocab

language

a system of communication through speech, movement, sounds, or symbols that a group of people understands to have the same meaning

centripetal force

a force that tends to unify people

centrifugal force

a force that tends to pull people apart

institutional language

used in education, work, mass media, and government

developing language

used daily by people of all ages

vigorous language

used daily by people of all ages but it lacks literary tradition

threatened language

used for face-to-face communication but it is losing it’s users

dying language

still used by older people but is not being transmitted by children

literary tradition

it is written as well as spoken

language family

a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history

language branch

a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several years ago

language group

a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary

lingua franca

a language used for international communication, such as English

logograms

symbols that represent words or meaningful parts of words

official language

used by the government to enact legislation, publish documents, and conduct other public business

working language

an international organization or corporation uses a language and its primary means of communication for daily correspondence and conversation.

Franglais

a combination of French and English

Spanglish

a combination of Spanish and English

Denglish

a combination of German and English

pidgin language

a group that learns English or another lingua franca may learn a simplified form

dialect

a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation

subdialect

subdivision of dialect

standard language

a dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable government, business, education, and mass communication

Received Pronunciation (RP)

the dialect of English commonly used by politicians, broadcasters, and actors

isogloss

a boundary that separates regions in which a different language usages predominate

bidialect

somebody who speaks “standard” English outside their home and their regional dialect at home\

African American Vernacular English (AAVE)

a dialect used by some African Americans

creole/creolized language

a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of people being dominated

mutual intelligibility

the ability of people communicating in two ways readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort

endangered language

a language that children are no longer learning, and its remaining speakers use it less frequently

isolated language

a language that is unrelated to any other languages, therefore not attached to any other language family

extinct language

a language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used