1ST AGRI 32 LAB EXAM

Bio-Intensive Agriculture

• maximum yields from a minimum area of land

Bio-Intensive Gardening (BIG)

• small land

• intensively cultivated

• enhance and maintain the soil’s productivity

high inputs = small land = largest possible harvest

Deep dug and raised beds

• soil loose and friable (crumbly)

• roots penetrate easily

• steady stream of nutrients

starting BIG

1. crop planning

2. water conservation

3. weeding

4. pest control

regenerate soil and break pest cycle

crop rotation

maximize space and higher yield per unit area

1. intensive planting

2. cultivation of trellis crops

3. cultivation of shad tolerant crops under trellis

promotion of local varieties

conserve genetic resources

improve nutrition, reduce health risk

inclusion of culturally acceptable, nutritionally important vegetables

diversified of diet

cultivation of wide range of vegetables

avoid seasonal food deficiencies

inclusion of short duration crops

wind breaks, availability of food

perennial, polycultural, multistoried fence crops (“edible fence”)

carbohydrates, Vit. C and A (B-carotene), protein, iron, calcium

vegetables examples

• kamote

• kamoteng-kahoy (balinghoy)

• taro

• tapilan

• patani

• bataw

high in carbohydrates

• kangkong

• kalabasa

• carrot

• roselle

• mulunggay

• alugbati

• sili

high in b-carotene

• kadyos

• malunggay

• sigarilyas (kalamismis)

• sitaw

• bataw

• tapilan

• munggo

high protein

• alugbati

• pechay

• mustasa

• malunggay

• ampalaya

• tapilan

• talinum

• sweet potato

iron-rich

• malunggay

• sitaw

• bataw

• tapilan

• talinum

• roselle

• kamote

• ampalaya

calcium-rich

close spacing of crops

reduces evap from soil

mulching

lowers sil temp and reduces evaporation

deep tillage and organic matter

reduces run-off, high OM = better water holding capacity

weeding

• reduced weeding time (70% of time eliminated)

pest control

• pest reduction from

  • soil improvement

  • good drainge

  • balanced soil nutri status

  • presence of beneficial fungi

crop rotation

breaks life cycle of pest

agricultural enterprise

produces, processes, and distributes

P = G + E + (G*E)

1. site is identified, find crops

2. crop is identified, find site

site characterizaton

process of describing physical, biological, social, and economic environment

evaluation

• analytical assessment

• determine importance, effectiveness, or worth of

Why do site charac and eval?

1. cost of production

2. farm operations

3. harvesting and transport

4. accessibility to inputs

Biological indicators

1. existing crops

2. soil microflora or fauna

3. pest and diseases

Physical indicators

1. area and shape

2. topography

3. soil depth/condition

4. climatic condition

5. drainage

6. water

7. location

socio-economic indicators

1. peace and order

2. manpower availability

3. farmers preferences

4. zoning or other regulations

5. land tenure situation

6. existing facilities

7. farms within community

suitability analysis

process and procedures used to establish the stability of a system

suitability assessment principle

1. limiting condition principle

2. subjective assessment principle

3. principle of arithmetic modelling

limiting condition principle

worst land quality determines the suitability classification

subjective assessment principle

suitability classes are raised or lowered based on judgement about the importance of different factors

principle of arithmetic modelling

• land qualities with own numerical values and combined mathematically

suitability scores

1. highly suitable » S1

2. moderately suitable » S2

3. marginal suitable » S3

4. currently not suitable » N1

5. permanently not suitable » N2

land suitability classification

1. prime agricultural land (S1 and S2)

2. marginal agricultural land (S3)

3. land with sever limitations (N1 and N2)

prime agricultural land (S1 and S2)

land with none to minor limitations

marginal agricultural land (S3)

• limitations that can still be correct

  • topography

  • soil depth

  • soil fertility

  • rainfall

land with severe limitations (N1 and N2)

• limitations cannot be corrected

  • unfavorable topography

  • shallow soil depth

Tillage

mechanical manipulation of the soil

Primary tillage

to break soil compaction resulting to soil clods

Secondary tillage

reduce soil aggregates and level the soil surface

harrowing

break up clods

furrowing

creation of deep, wide furrows at regular spacing

characteristics of well-prepared field

• granular and friable soil

• free of trash or vegetation

• field is level (min. depression)

Two systems of land preparation

1. upland

2. lowland

lowland crops

• tillage is done when soil is fully saturated with water

  • rice, taro, swamp cabbage, water chestnut

upland crops

• tillage is done when soil moisture is near at field capacity (excess water fully drained)

• corn, soybeans, potato

direct seedling methods

1. broadcasting

2. drilling

3. dibbling

broadcasting

seeds evenly distributed on top of seedbeds

drilling

in a row at a uniform depth in seedbed

dibbling

• more/less uniform

• no land prep

• hilly land most applicable to reduce soil erosion/disturbances

methods of rice establishment

1. direct seedling

2. transplanting

direct seedling

• less labor and mature faster

• not subjected to stress

• more compe from weeds (no head start)

  • broadcast seedling

  • row seedling

transplanting

• weed control

• less seed but more labor

• takes longer to mature due to transplanting shock

  • random method

  • straight-row method

rice seedling methods

• wed bed

• dry bed

• dapog

• seedling boxes (mecha transplant)

dapog = 9-14 days; punla = 18-21 days

Stage 0 - germination

Stage 1 - seedling

Stage 2 - tillering

Stage 3 - stem elongation

Stage 4 - panicle initiation to booting

Stage 5 - heading

Stage 6 - flowering

Stage 7 - milk grain stage

Stage 8 - dough grain stage

Stage 9 - mature grain stage

Stages of rice growth and development

Nursery » Vegetative phase » Reproductive phase (35d) » Ripening phase(30d)

rice growth duration

animal-drawn moldboard plow

turning and loosening the soil to promote proper aeration and water movement

tractor-dawn moldboard plow

same function as animal-drawn, just uses a tractor instead

disk plow

breaks and penetrates the soil that is too hard and too dry for moldboard plow

Comb-tooth harrow (‘Suyod’)

• secondary tillage

• collect weeds and breaking soil clods and levelling the land (plywood)

Furrower

making shallow canals (furrow) and raised beds (ridges)

lithao

• indigenous, multi-toothed Philippine farm implement (wooden or metal)

• multiple small, parallel, shallow furrows

plant digging hole

manually dig planting holes

plant propagation

multiplication of plants while preserving their unique characteristics

two methods of propagation

1. sexual propagation (seeds)

2. asexual propagation (vegetative parts)

propagation by seeds (6)

1. seed processing

2. seed viability

3. seed dormancy

4. seed storage

5. pre-treatment of seeds

6. seed sowing/planting

seed processing

• preparing seeds

• extraction, cleaning, fermentation, drying, storage, etc.

• threshing: separating seeds from harvested plant material

apomaxis

formation of seeds without fertilization

parthenocarpy

development of fruit without fertilization

seed viability

ability of seed to germinate and produce normal seedling under favorable conditions

seed dormancy

physical or physiological condition of viable seed that prevents it from germinating

exogenous dormancy

outside (eg. seed coat)

endogenous dormancy

inside (eg. hormones such as growth-inhibitors/abscisic acid and germination-inhibitors/gibberellins)

seed storage

Orthodox - dry to low moisture (long term)

Recalcitrant - cannot tolerate extensive drying (short term)

Intermediate - in between

Pre-treatment seeds

• crop protection

• temp treatment

• inoculants (beneficial microbial)

1. vernalization - cold » flowering

2. scarification - improve permeability of seedcoat to water

3. stratification - cold » break dormancy

4. removing mucilage

seed sowing/planting

seed orientation

• less resistance for emerging radicle (root) ++ plumule (shoot)

• horizontal orientation = safest when not certain

asexual propagation

1. separation

2. division

3. cutting

4. grafting

5. budding

6. marcotting

7. micropropagation

separation & division

• bulb - onion and garlic

• corm - taro and banana

• tuber - white potato

• tuberous roots - sweet potato and dahlia

• rhizome - turmeric and ginger

• stolon (runners) - black peppers

• pseudobulb - orchids

• sucker

• slip

• crown

• plantlet - dendrobium

• stem - sweet potato and kangkong

• root - breadfruit

• cuttage - cassava

• leaf - kataka-taka and sansevieria

cutting

• piece of plant that is cut from the parent plant and develop into a new plant

  • stem, root, or leaf

• plotting medium - garden soil ++ rice hull + coconut coir (3:1:1) in a polyethene bag (3.5×11)

Grafting

• joining of two plant parts with objective of having the parts united

• rootstock - soil disease, adaptation

• scion - high yielding, good characs

• graft union

• cambium - vascular system to fuse and grow together

budding

• one budstick (source of buds) can supply buds to many trees

  • patch budding, t-budding, and chip budding

marcotting

• air layering

• rooting a shoot or branch while still attached to the mother plant

• cambium layer (bark removed)

• rooting hormones (atleast 50 days, 60 at most) - stimulate root formation

micropagation

• form of tissue culture to regenerate new plants which are clones

Stage 1 - Establishment (aseptic condition)

Stage 2 - Shoot multiplication

Stage 3 - Root formation

Stage 4 - Acclimatation (gradual open-air condition)

cytokinin (shoot formation)

BAP/BA

Kinetin

auxins (root formation)

IBA

NAA

IAA

nursery

managed site designed to grow seedlings under favorable conditions until ready for transplanting

hand pruners (bypass and anvil)

cut stems and branches

fruit bagging

• banana, mango, guava, macopa, jackfruit, ampalaya, cacao, and papaya

• wrapping the fruits to protect from possible damage due to insects, diseases, winds, birds, etc

Materials

• perforations (aeration and humidity

• secure by tying (esp. w/ areas infested of scarring of insects)

desuckering

• removal of unnecessary suckers from base (mat) of banana

• intraspecific competition (same species)

  • mother plant vs clone daughters

• maximize nutrients, water, and sunlight

• reduce the stability of mother plant, that is why propping is a need

Materials

1. bolo

2. gouging bar

3. digging bar

types of suckers

1. peeper sucker

2. sword sucker (strongly attached)

3. water sucker

4. maiden sucker

5. mother sucker

propping

• providing support by using bamboo poles or kawayan with rope because pseudostem has the tendency to bend due to heavy load of fruits and heavy winds

Materials

• bamboo poles

• plastic straw or rope

ratooning

• growing of new crop out of shoots arising from the previous crop

• saves time and reduce cost of production

flower induction

• induce flowering even though its not their season

• mango: 2% KNO3

• pineapple: 240ppm of ethephon (ethrel) mixed w/ 1% urea

thinning

• removal of some flowers or fruit

• atis, jackfruit, watermelon, melon, grapes, durian, rose, and chrysanthemum

trellising

• providing support to the plant so stem and leaves are kept from the ground

• better sunlight exposure

• viny crops

  • cucumber, gourds, patola, upo, pole sitao, yam, grapes, passion fruit

• some crops that cant stand vertically

  • tomato

  • vanilla

  • black pepper

types of trellis

1. overhead

2. a-type

3. t-type

4. pole

5. fence

6. teepee