Classification of Matter
Matter can be classified into two broad categories: pure substances and mixtures. A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition and properties that are constant throughout the sample. Mixtures are physical combinations of two or more elements and/or compounds.
Pure substance
a sample of matter with both definite and constant composition and distinct chemical properties.
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Classification of Matter
Matter can be classified into two broad categories: pure substances and mixtures. A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition and properties that are constant throughout the sample. Mixtures are physical combinations of two or more elements and/or compounds.
Pure substance
a sample of matter with both definite and constant composition and distinct chemical properties.
Element
a fundamental item that can't be easily broken into smaller pieces. In chemistry and physics, an element is a substance that can't be broken down by non-nuclear reactions. In computing and mathematics, an element is a distinct piece of a larger system or set.
Compound
is a substance made up of two or more different chemical elements combined in a fixed ratio. When the elements come together, they react with each other and form chemical bonds that are difficult to break.
heterogeneous mixture
is a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture. A phase is a separate layer in a heterogeneous mixture.
homogenous mixture
is one whose composition is uniform throughout the mixture. It is the type of mixture where the composition is constant throughout or the components that make up the mixture are distributed uniformly.
physical property
a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance
Chemical Properties
<a substance like an element or a compound, relating to how it can change as a result of a reaction.> These properties are inherent to its chemical identity, a result of bonds and other characteristics of a substance's atomic structure.
Changes
a change of materials into another, new materials with different properties and one or more than one new substances are formed
Scientific Notation
represents a number as a factor multiplied by a power of 10
Significant Figures
the digits of value which carry meaning towards the resolution of the measurement.
Atomic Model
a model used to describe the structure and makeup of an atom.
Histroy
The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present. By 1000 BC, civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry.
Subatomic Particles
a particle which is smaller than an atom in size.
Isotopes
atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons (i.e., atomic number, "Z") but a different number of neutrons
IONS
is an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge.
PERIODIC TABLE
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columns (families) 1 – 18
elements with similar chemical properties form vertical columns, called groups, numbered from 1 to 18
vertical
v_____ columns on the periodic table are called groups or families
alkali metals
any of the six chemical elements that make up Group 1 (Ia) of the periodic table—namely, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). The alkali metals are so called because reaction with water forms alkalies
alkaline earth metals,
any of the six chemical elements that comprise Group 2 (IIa) of the periodic table. The elements are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra).
transition metal
any of various chemical elements that have valence electrons—i.e., electrons that can participate in the formation of chemical bonds—in two shells instead of only one
scandium (symbol Sc, atomic number 21) or titanium (symbol Ti, atomic number 22) and ends with zinc (symbol Zn, atomic number 30). The second series includes the elements yttrium (symbol Y, atomic number 39) to cadmium (symbol Cd, atomic number 48). The third series extends from lanthanum (symbol La, atomic number 57) to mercury (symbol Hg, atomic number 80)
halogens
Group 7A (or VIIA) of the periodic table are the : fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). The name "halogen" means "salt former", derived from the Greek words halo- ("salt") and -gen ("formation")
noble gases
Group 8A (or VIIIA) of the periodic table are the n_____ ___s or inert gases: helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn). The name comes from the fact that these elements are virtually unreactive towards other elements or compounds.
rows (periods) 1-7
a horizontal r__ of the periodic table. There are seven periods in the periodic table, with each one beginning at the far left.
horizontal
The h______ rows in the periodic table are periods, while the vertical rows are called groups
Ionization energy
the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule.
Electronegativity
a chemical property that describes the power of an atom in a molecule to attract shared-pair electrons towards itself
Electron affinity
the energy change that results from adding an electron to a gaseous atom
Atomic radius
the total distance from the nucleus of an atom to the outermost orbital of its electron
Ionic radius
the distance between the nucleus of an ion and the outermost shell of the ion.
Valence electrons,
the electrons in the outermost shell, or energy level, of an atom
Core electrons
the electrons in an atom that are not valence electrons and do not participate in chemical bonding
Cation
an ion with positive charge
Anions
Anions are ions that are negatively charge
Quantum number
to describe the location of an electron in an associated atom
electron configuration
describe where electrons are located around the nucleus of an atom