Large animal- disease of Foot and Hoof

what is the 90-90-90 rule in large animal orthopedics

• 90 digits

• 90 pelvic limb

• 90 lateral claw

Is there a universal lameness scoring system for cattle

no

in a cow with lameness what should we be looking for during an orthopedic exam

• muscle atrophy

• joint swelling

• draining tracts

• Dropped fetlock

what landmarks should be visible in a triangle on the pelvic limb

• Tuber coaxe

• tuber ischi

• greater trochanter of the femur

most ruminants have ______ feet which means they walk on ________

• cloven

• P3

an exception to the P3 rule are _______ who walk on what 3 structures

• camelids

• P2,P3, and proximal interphalangeal joint

what makes up the suspensory system of the Bovine P3

• laminar corium

• connective tissue

• digital cushion

The laminar corium provides support for the _________ of the foot

dorsal half

the connective tissue and digital cushion provide support for the __________ of the foot

palmar/plantar half of the foot

inflammation of the corial lamina is called ___________ and it affects the _______ of the foot

• laminitis

• dorsal half

what are the 2 types of laminitis

• inflammatory

• non inflammatory

non inflammatory laminitis can be caused by ________ which puts more pressure on the lamina due to ______ hormone and connective tissue __________

• pregnancy

• relaxin

• enzymes

inflammatory laminitis is caused by _________ which diverts blood form the ____________ leading to ___________

• vasoconstriction

• corium

• congestion and edema

what are the causes of laminitis

• endotoxemia

• lactic acid

• poor cow comfort

• iatrogenic

endotoxemia causes of laminitis include what?

• mastitis

• metritis

lactic acid causes of laminitis include what?

rumen acidosis

poor cow comfort causes of laminitis include what?

increased standing

Iatrogenic causes of laminitis include what?

over trimming

clinical signs of acute laminitis would include what?

• arched back

• red coronary band

• increased digital pulses

a full thickness break in the epidermis would be called a _________

sole ulcer

what two areas can sole ulcers occur

• toe region

• heel

a __________ ulcer a subset of sole ulcers occurs in the hind or lateral part of the claw

Rusterholtz/typical

what risk factors can lead to a typical ulcer

• overgrown feet

• concrete

• laminitis

what risk factors can lead to a toe ulcer

• laminitis

• concrete floor

a layer of horn separated from the underlying horn creates an _________

false sole

a false sole can interrupt sole horn formation and cause what 3 things

• laminitis

• solar hemorrhage

• sole abscess

a cow with a false sole may or may not be ________

lame

seeing a cow walk on the abaxial portion of the claw would indicate it has __________

corkscrew claw

Corkscrew claw only occurs on the _________ and happens due to ___________

• pelvic limb

• misalignment of P2 and P3

Corkscrew claw is both ______ and _________ caused

• heritable

• environmental

corns or _______________ are caused by what 2 things

• interdigital hyperplasia

• chronic trauma

• hereditary

Corns is only pathologic if what two things happen

• large enough to be ulcerated

• infected

a ________ hoof wall crack propagates itself and can track dirt

vertical

a ______ hoof wall crack has interrupted growth at the coronary band and can be caused by what three thigns

• horizontal

• laminitis

• metritis

• mastitis

what are the two types of footrot

• Interdigital dermatitis

• interdigital phlegmon

Interdigital dermatitis only effect the _________

skin

Interdigital phlegmon affects the _________

skin and soft tissue

the cause of interdigital phlegmon are ___________

gram negative anaerobes

interdigital dermatitis can lead to what three things

• foul odor

• heal erosions

• corns

interdigital phlegmon will lead to what 3 things

• lameness

• swelling

• necrosis

a common cause of lameness in beef cattle and typically found in the interdigital cleft of heal is known as __________

digital dermatitis

what are some important aspects of digital dermatitis

• ulcerative

• extremely sensitive

• spirochetes are involved

infection of deep structures of the foot in cattle is known as ___________

deep digital sepsis

deep digital sepsis tends to be secondary to what things

• interdigital phlegmon

• sole abscess

• puncture wounds

cows with a distal interphalangeal joint sepsis would present with what history

• chronic lameness

• treated with multiple drugs

what are clinical signs of distal interphalangeal joint sepsis

• extremely lame

• red coronary band

• fistula

how would you diagnose deep digital sepsis

• digital exploration

• radiographs

• ultrasound

what outcomes should be expected of a cow with deep digital sepsis

• euthanasia

• slaughter

• digit surgery