topics from prev exams

1

A horse has an aortic aneurysm near the root of the aorta. Which of the following complications is most likely?
a. Portal hypertension
b. Aortic rupture and haemoperitoneum
c. Multifocal renal infarcts
d. Intestinal ischemia

b. Aortic rupture and haemoperitoneum

2

Which of the following is least likely to cause lymphoid necrosis and immunodeficiency?
a. Mucosal disease (BVD)
b. Canine distemper
c. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR)
d. Foot and mouth disease (FMD)
✅

d. FMD

3

Petechial haemorrhages on the heart or pericardium may result from:
a. Electrocution (lightning)
b. Bacterial endocarditis
c. Nutritional myopathy
d. Viral myocarditis
✅

a. Electrocution (lightning)

4

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in young dogs is most often due to:
a. Chronic pancreatitis
b. Genetic autoimmune atrophy of acinar tissue
c. Obstruction of pancreatic ducts
d. Zinc toxicity
✅

b. Genetic autoimmune atrophy of acinar tissue

5

Cardiac insufficiency can cause renal necrosis by:
a. Hypoxaemia from reduced perfusion
b. Toxin accumulation
c. Protein overload
d. Immunologic complex deposition
✅

a. Hypoxaemia from reduced perfusion

6

Which organism can cause sudden death with few gross lesions?
a. Histophilus somni
b. Clostridium chauvoei
c. Both
d. Neither
✅

c. Both

7

Chronic diabetes mellitus may cause atherosclerosis primarily through:
a. Increased bile salt production
b. Hyperglycaemia and lipid oxidation
c. Pancreatic enzyme leakage
d. Hypertension
✅

b. Hyperglycaemia and lipid oxidation

8

Which acute phase protein is not useful in horses?
a. Serum amyloid A (SAA)
b. C-reactive protein (CRP)
c. Fibrinogen
d. Ferritin
✅

b. C-reactive protein (CRP)

9

A fibrinonecrotic cast in the gall bladder of cattle is most characteristic of:
a. Leptospirosis
b. Salmonella dublin infection
c. Infectious canine hepatitis
d. Fasciola hepatica
✅

b. Salmonella dublin infection

10

Which of the following can cause hepatic lipidosis?
a. Starvation and lactation
b. Vitamin A deficiency
c. Low copper intake
d. High selenium intake
✅

a. Starvation and lactation

11

White muscle disease (WMD) and pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) toxicity share which of the following features?
a. Both primarily cause hepatic necrosis
b. Both involve oxidative damage
c. Both are caused by infectious agents
d. Both cause hypocalcaemia
✅

b. Both involve oxidative damage

12

Which of the following is zoonotic?
a. Neospora caninum
b. Trichinella spiralis
c. Coccidiosis
d. Cryptosporidium in birds only
✅

b. Trichinella spiralis

13

Which liver-related condition can cause blindness or hyperglycaemia in animals?
a. Hepatic encephalopathy
b. Portosystemic shunt
c. Vitamin A deficiency
d. Copper toxicity
✅

c. Vitamin A deficiency

14

Which statement about Listeria monocytogenes is FALSE?
a. It travels along cranial nerves to the brainstem
b. It causes microabscesses in the medulla and pons
c. It commonly infects via contaminated silage
d. It spreads hematogenously to the cerebrum
✅

d. It spreads hematogenously to the cerebrum

15

Which dog breed is predisposed to atrial septal defect (ASD)?
a. Boxer
b. Samoyed
c. Great Dane
d. Doberman
✅

b. Samoyed

16

Which dog breed is predisposed to subaortic stenosis?
a. Newfoundland
b. German Shepherd
c. Bulldog
d. Greyhound
✅

a. Newfoundland

17

Which of the following diseases is NOT zoonotic?
a. Salmonellosis
b. Coccidiosis
c. Cryptosporidiosis
d. Giardiasis
✅

b. Coccidiosis

18

Which disease of swine is not present in Australia?
a. Swine erysipelas
b. Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)
c. Glässer’s disease
d. Atrophic rhinitis
✅

b. Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)

19

Which gastrointestinal bacterial infection typically lacks visible inflammation?
a. E. coli enterotoxigenic infection
b. Salmonellosis
c. Clostridial enteritis
d. Campylobacteriosis
✅

a. E. coli enterotoxigenic infection

20

A possible aetiological agent for temporohyoid arthropathy in horses is:
a. Streptococcus equi
b. Salmonella typhimurium
c. Aspergillus fumigatus
d. Actinobacillus equuli
✅

a. Streptococcus equi

21

Which is correct about gout in reptiles?
a. Visceral gout affects joints
b. Articular gout affects kidneys and serosa
c. Visceral gout affects serosal surfaces of organs
d. Both affect only skin
✅

c. Visceral gout affects serosal surfaces of organs

22

Which body part is most affected by calcium deficiency in reptiles?
a. Liver
b. Bones
c. Kidneys
d. Heart
✅

b. Bones

23

Which statement correctly matches testicular tumour types?
Tumour Origin Histologic features
Leydig Interstitial cells Well-circumscribed, orange, lipid-rich
Sertoli Sustentacular cells Elongated cells in tubules, fibrous stroma
Seminoma Germ cells Sheets of round cells, scant stroma
✅

The above table.

24

Freemartinism in a heifer calf occurs due to:
a. Viral infection in utero
b. Genetic mosaicism in identical twins
c. Fusion of placental blood vessels between male and female twins
d. Chromosomal translocation
✅

c. Fusion of placental blood vessels between male and female twins

25

Predisposing causes of pathological endometrial hyperplasia in bitches include:
a. Repeated oestrous cycles without pregnancy
b. Progesterone influence during dioestrus
c. Chronic estrogen stimulation
d. All of the above
✅

d. All of the above

26

A classic histologic feature of a granulosa cell tumour is:
a. Call-Exner bodies
b. Multinucleated giant cells
c. Keratin pearls
d. Vacuolated hepatocytes
✅

a. Call-Exner bodies

27

The lesion depicted (reticulopericarditis) is caused by:
a. Ingestion of wire → penetration of reticulum → pericarditis → cardiac tamponade
b. Ingestion of sharp bone → liver abscess
c. Septicemia from umbilical infection
d. Rupture of diaphragm
✅

a. Ingestion of wire → penetration of reticulum → pericarditis → cardiac tamponade

28

Vegetative endocarditis is usually caused by:
a. Viral infection
b. Immune complex deposition
c. Bacterial infection
d. Fungal toxins
✅

29

Endocardiosis in dogs most commonly affects:
a. Pulmonic valve
b. Aortic valve
c. Mitral valve
d. Tricuspid valve
✅

c. Mitral valve

30

Cor pulmonale is secondary to:
a. Left-sided heart failure
b. Chronic pulmonary hypertension
c. Cardiac tamponade
d. Aortic stenosis
✅

b. Chronic pulmonary hypertension

31

What type of necrosis occurs in myocardial infarction?
a. Liquefactive
b. Caseous
c. Coagulative
d. Fat necrosis
✅

c. Coagulative

32

Cardiac tamponade results from:
a. Inflammation of the myocardium
b. Fluid accumulation in pericardial sac
c. Valvular insufficiency
d. Myocardial hypertrophy
✅

b. Fluid accumulation in pericardial sac

33

Rhodococcus equi in foals causes:
a. Granulomatous pneumonia and abscesses
b. Fibrinous bronchopneumonia
c. Bronchiolitis obliterans
d. Pulmonary embolism
✅

a. Granulomatous pneumonia and abscesses

34

Which species of Aspergillus causes guttural pouch mycosis in horses?
a. A. flavus
b. A. fumigatus
c. A. terreus
d. A. niger
✅

b. A. fumigatus

35

Chronic passive congestion of the liver (“nutmeg liver”) results from:
a. Right-sided heart failure
b. Left-sided heart failure
c. Toxin exposure
d. Viral hepatitis
✅

a. Right-sided heart failure

36

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity leads to which lesion?
a. Coagulative necrosis
b. Hepatocellular megalocytosis and fibrosis
c. Microabscess formation
d. Lipidosis
✅

b. Hepatocellular megalocytosis and fibrosis

37

Hepatic abscesses in cattle are most often secondary to:
a. Ascending cholangitis
b. Hardware disease
c. Rumenitis
d. Salmonellosis
✅

c. Rumenitis

38

“Nutmeg liver” is grossly characterized by:
a. Diffuse pallor
b. Centrilobular dark-red areas and tan periportal regions
c. Fibrotic nodules throughout parenchyma
d. White necrotic foci
✅

b. Centrilobular dark-red areas and tan periportal regions

39

Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants is caused by:
a. Vitamin E deficiency
b. Thiamine deficiency or sulfur toxicity
c. Copper toxicity
d. Lead poisoning
✅

b. Thiamine deficiency or sulfur toxicity

40

Listeriosis in ruminants primarily affects the:
a. Cerebrum
b. Cerebellum
c. Brainstem (pons, medulla)
d. Spinal cord
✅

c. Brainstem (pons, medulla)

41

Glomerulonephritis is primarily caused by:
a. Ischaemia
b. Immune complex deposition
c. Bacterial toxins
d. Amyloid breakdown
✅

b. Immune complex deposition

42

Acute tubular necrosis occurs most commonly due to:
a. Immune-mediated damage
b. Bacterial infection
c. Ischaemia or toxins
d. Amyloidosis
✅

c. Ischaemia or toxins

43

Chronic kidney disease leads to:
a. Hypercalcaemia
b. Hypophosphataemia
c. Non-regenerative anaemia
d. Hypokalaemia only
✅

c. Non-regenerative anaemia

44

Hypothyroidism in dogs commonly causes:
a. Weight loss, hyperactivity
b. Alopecia, lethargy, weight gain
c. Tachycardia
d. Polycythaemia
✅

b. Alopecia, lethargy, weight gain

45

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s) leads to:
a. Thin skin and muscle atrophy
b. Hypoglycaemia
c. Hyperpigmentation
d. Bradycardia
✅

a. Thin skin and muscle atrophy

46

Pyometra in dogs usually occurs secondary to:
a. Oestrogen dominance
b. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia under progesterone influence
c. Ovarian cysts
d. Parturient infection
✅

b. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia under progesterone influence

47

Granulosa cell tumour in mares often causes:
a. Anoestrus
b. Persistent oestrus or stallion-like behaviour
c. Early abortion
d. Endometrial cysts
✅

b. Persistent oestrus or stallion-like behaviour

48

Testicular Sertoli cell tumours are associated with:
a. Oestrogen secretion and feminisation
b. Testosterone excess
c. Hypogonadism
d. No hormonal effects
✅

a. Oestrogen secretion and feminisation

49

Photosensitisation results from:
a. UV activation of photodynamic compounds in skin
b. Loss of skin pigmentation
c. Zinc deficiency
d. Vitamin D overdose
✅

a. UV activation of photodynamic compounds in skin

50

Primary photosensitisation occurs when:
a. Liver fails to excrete phylloerythrin
b. Animal ingests plant with photodynamic toxin
c. Toxin damages skin directly
d. Vitamin A deficiency
✅

b. Animal ingests plant with photodynamic toxin

51

Secondary (hepatogenous) photosensitisation occurs when:
a. Phylloerythrin accumulates due to hepatic excretion failure
b. UV directly damages hepatocytes
c. Excess bile pigment formation
d. Copper accumulates in the liver
✅

a. Phylloerythrin accumulates due to hepatic excretion failure

52

Chronic inflammation is characterized by:
a. Neutrophils only
b. Eosinophils and mast cells
c. Lymphocytes, macrophages, fibrosis
d. Necrosis and edema only
✅

c. Lymphocytes, macrophages, fibrosis

53

Rumen acidosis most commonly results from:
a. Feeding lush green forage
b. Grain overload and rapid fermentation
c. Copper deficiency
d. Low dietary fibre
✅

54

A sequela of rumenitis is:
a. Rumen impaction
b. Portal pyemia and liver abscesses
c. Abomasal displacement
d. Mycotic ruminitis
✅

b. Portal pyemia and liver abscesses

55

Which of the following diseases does not cause gross inflammation of the intestine?
a. Salmonellosis
b. Clostridial enteritis
c. E. coli (enterotoxigenic) infection
d. Lawsonia intracellularis infection
✅

c. E. coli (enterotoxigenic)

56

Johne’s disease (Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis) causes:
a. Villous atrophy and ulceration
b. Granulomatous enteritis and thickened mucosa
c. Catarrhal enteritis
d. Fibrinonecrotic plaques
✅

b. Granulomatous enteritis and thickened mucosa

57

Which swine enteric disease is not present in Australia?
a. Swine dysentery
b. Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)
c. E. coli scours
d. Salmonellosis
✅

b. Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)

58

Gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV) primarily affects:
a. Horses
b. Cattle
c. Large-breed, deep-chested dogs
d. Pigs
✅

c. Large-breed, deep-chested dogs

59

What is the primary cause of multifocal hepatic abscessation in feedlot cattle?
a. Fusobacterium necrophorum from rumenitis
b. Salmonella infection
c. Leptospira
d. Clostridium novyi
✅

a. Fusobacterium necrophorum

60

White muscle disease is caused by deficiency of:
a. Selenium and vitamin E
b. Vitamin A and D
c. Calcium and phosphorus
d. Copper and molybdenum
✅

a. Selenium and vitamin E

61

Blackleg in cattle is caused by:
a. Clostridium chauvoei
b. Clostridium septicum
c. Clostridium novyi
d. Clostridium sordellii
✅

a. Clostridium chauvoei

62

“Gas bubbles” in necrotic muscle of cattle are due to:
a. Fungal infection
b. Gas-producing Clostridium species
c. Oxygen therapy
d. Muscle parasites
✅

b. Gas-producing Clostridium species

63

Malignant edema differs from blackleg because:
a. It affects the heart
b. It occurs after wounds
c. It is non-fatal
d. It produces no gas
✅

b. It occurs after wounds

64

Nutritional myopathy (“white muscle disease”) lesions are:
a. Haemorrhagic
b. Coagulative necrosis with chalky streaks
c. Liquefactive
d. Fibrotic
✅

b. Coagulative necrosis with chalky streaks

65

Laminitis in horses is due to:
a. Hoof trauma
b. Disturbance of microcirculation to laminae
c. Selenium toxicity
d. Viral infection
✅

b. Disturbance of microcirculation to laminae

66

Primary photosensitisation results from ingestion of:
a. Lantana camara or Hypericum perforatum
b. Mycotoxins
c. Liver failure
d. Selenium toxicity
✅

a. Lantana camara or Hypericum perforatum

67

Secondary (hepatogenous) photosensitisation occurs after:
a. Chlorophyll → phylloerythrin not excreted by liver
b. UV exposure only
c. Vitamin A toxicity
d. Selenium deficiency
✅

a. Chlorophyll → phylloerythrin not excreted by liver

68

Which of the following does not cause photosensitisation?
a. Lantana camara
b. Facial eczema (sporidesmin)
c. St John’s Wort
d. Ergot alkaloids
✅

d. Ergot alkaloids

69

Rain scald (“Dermatophilosis”) is caused by:
a. Dermatophilus congolensis
b. Staphylococcus aureus
c. Dermatophytes
d. Candida albicans
✅

a. Dermatophilus congolensis

70

Gout in reptiles develops primarily from:
a. High humidity
b. Dehydration and renal failure
c. Bacterial infection
d. Vitamin D deficiency
✅

b. Dehydration and renal failure

71

Visceral gout is identified by:
a. Urate crystals in joints
b. Chalky white deposits on serosal surfaces
c. Hemorrhagic intestines
d. Fibrous nodules in skin
✅

b. Chalky white deposits on serosal surfaces

72

Calcium deficiency in reptiles causes:
a. Hepatic lipidosis
b. Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
c. Kidney stones
d. Vitamin A deficiency
✅

b. Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

73

Avian tuberculosis (M. avium complex) causes:
a. Granulomas in liver, spleen, and intestine
b. Hemorrhagic pneumonia
c. Myonecrosis
d. Viral hepatitis
✅

a. Granulomas in liver, spleen, and intestine

74

Fish “white spot disease” (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis) is:
a. Bacterial
b. Viral
c. Parasitic protozoan
d. Fungal
✅

c. Parasitic protozoan

75

Gas bubble disease in fish is caused by:
a. Nitrogen supersaturation of water
b. Fungal infection
c. Low oxygen
d. Ammonia buildup
✅

a. Nitrogen supersaturation of water

76

Mycobacteriosis in fish is caused by:
a. Mycobacterium marinum
b. Mycobacterium bovis
c. Aeromonas hydrophila
d. Edwardsiella ictaluri
✅

a. Mycobacterium marinum

77

Hypoxia in fish leads to:
a. Gill lamellar necrosis
b. Liver necrosis
c. Fin rot
d. Scale l