PE sac- chronic adaptations

what is rate coding=

refers to frequency of impulse sent by the muscle

chronic adaptations defintion=

the body’s long-term responses to the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems the develop over a period of time when training is repeated regularly

what are inhibitory signals

provide an important protective reflex preventing the muscles from exerting a force greater than they can tolerate.

Neuromuscular (anaerobic): increase size in muscle & change in muscle structure

structural change: increased total quantity of axton and myolin filaments, and increase size and number of myofibrils

functional change: larger fibres can produce more force during contraction

performance benefit: greater contraction force increases strength provided by the muscle.

Neuromuscular (anaerobic): increase in the firing rate of motor units

structural change: N/A

functional change: rate coding increases the rate of force development or how quick a muscle can contract maximally.

performance benefit:This is beneficial for rapid ballistic movement where maximal force is required in a very short period of time

Cardiovascular (aerobic training)- increased left ventricle size and volume

structural change: develop a larger left ventricle size and volume.

functional change: they can hold more oxygenated blood in their heart

performance benefit: more blood pumped with each beat therefore increasing delivery of oxygen to working muscles.

Cardiovascular (aerobic training)- increased stroke volume of the heart muscles

structural change: increased left ventricle volume

functional change: as the heart can hold more blood in the left ventricle, more oxygenated blood can be pumped to working muscles each beat.

performance benefit: greater stroke volume allows more oxygen to be delivered to working muscles

Muscular (anaerobic)- increased motor unit recruitment

structural change: increased transmission

functional change: ability of the nerve to activate corresponding muscle fibres at a faster ratio

performance benefit: greater the number of motor units that can be recruited, the greater the strength and power that can be produced by a muscle.

Muscular (anaerobic)- increased glyocolytic capacity

structural change: increased stores of glycogen and increase glycolytic enzymes.

functional change: capacity of the anaerobic glycolysis/ non-oxidative system to produce energy is enhanced.

performance benefit: athlete able to work anaerobically for longer and at higher intensities.

respiratory (aerobic training)- increased pulmonary ventilation during maximal excersise

structural change: increased lung volume

functional change: trained athlete can inspire more air and therefore increase oxygen uptake

performance benefit: higher ventilation at max, results in more oxygen taken into the body per minute resulting in greater delivery of O2 to the working muscles.

respiratory (aerobic training)- increased tidal volume

structural change: increased tidal volume

functional change: increased strength and endurance of respiration muscles to facilitate inspiration/ expiration.

performance benefit: allows greater amounts of oxygen in the lungs and therefore greater amount of oxygen diffused into the alveoli and capillaries, delivering to working muscles

muscular (aerobic training)- adaptations of muscle fibre type

structural change: increase in cross-sectional area

functional change: increases the capacity to oxidise fuels into energy.

performance benefit: greater capacity to produce energy aerobically and therefore perform at higher intensity for longer.

muscular (aerobic training)- increased size & number of mitochondria

structural change: increased size and number of mitochondria

functional change: greater the number and size of mitochondria located within the muscle, the greater the oxidisation of fuels to produce ATP aerobically.

performance benefit: more sites within the muscles for aerobic respiration, therefore athlete is able to work aerobically at high intensities before accumulating fatiguing by products

increased LIP (lactate inflection point)

At muscular level, specific adaptations that improve LIP are:

• increased mitochondria

• increased oxidative enzymes

Blood lactate=

aerobic training decreased blood lactate levels. this means that athletes can increase their onset blood lactate accumulation or prolong their LIP. This is due to:

• decreased rate of lactate production during exercise

• increased rate of lactate removal from the blood

—> endurance athletes are able to work at higher intensities for longer before reaching their LIP.

curve LIP graph