APUSH

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed and the Great Depression began

Dow Jones Index

the index of stock prices that fell from its high of 381 before the crash to an ultimate low of 41 during the Great Depression

buying on margin

borrow most of the cost of a stock from a bank, typically to play the market; a cause of the Great Depression

uneven distribution of income

the trend of stagnant wages but increased productivity in the 1920s that led to the rich getting richer; a cause of the Great Depression

excessive use of credit

the growing expectant of consumers that they will have the money to pay back their debts later via installments or borrowing; a cause of the Great Depression

overproduction

the supply of manufactured goods exceeding the demand since wages stagnated; a cause of the Great Depression

high tariffs

taxes on imports to discourage trade between nations; a cause of the Great Depression

Federal Reserve

the central bank of the United States, which aimed to preserve the gold standard during the Great Depression instead of stabilizing the economy; a cause of the Great Depression

stock market crash

the cumulative of the underlying causes on the Great Depression; the most immediate cause of the Great Depression

business failures

a result of the Great Depression as the shrinking economy resulted in more layoffs and less expendable income

unemployment

a result of the Great Depression as business laid off more and more workers

bank failures

a result of the Great Depression as (a) individuals defaults on their loans and mortgages, (b) banks didn't return their investments in stocks, and (c) depositors rushed to take their money out of banks

Gross National Product

the total value of goods and services produced by the residents of a country within a year.

poverty and homelessness

a result of the Great Depression

Herbert Hoover

the President elected in 1928 who was hated for his small-government, tight-money, self-reliances response to the Great Depression

self-reliance

Herbert Hoover's reason for minimize government intervention during the Great Depression

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

a disastrously high tariff bill passed by Hoover's Republican Congress that effectively ended international trade during the Great Depression, further hurting the national economy

debt moratorium

the allowed default of Great Britain and Germany on their war debts, since they couldn't afford to pay, which further tanked the economy

Farm Board

the 1929 government organization that worked during the Great Depression to stabilize crop prices via reserves but was overall too weak to help the economy

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

a 1932, Hoover-era, government-owned corporation that provided emergency loans for railroads, banks, insurance agencies, etc intended to "trickle down" to the most affected citizens

bonus march (1932)

a march of unemployed World War I veterans to Washington to demand an advance on their 1945 bonus; The Congressional bill for them failed and the shantytown was destroyed by General Douglas MacArthur with tanks and tear gas

Franklin D. Roosevelt

New York governor elected in the 1932 presidential election for his proposals of (1) a New Deal, (2) repealing prohibition, and (c) increasing unemployment aid, and decreasing government spending

Eleanor Roosevelt

Franklin D. Roosevelt's wife and First Lady who pushed many social reforms and advocated for minorities and outcasts to some extent

New Deal

a series of reforms enacted by the Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression

three R's: relief, recovery, and reform

the three central points of the New Deal

Brain Trust

FDR's unofficial cabinet of diverse and reform-minded professors

Frances Perkins

first female cabinet member and FDR's Secretary of Labor

Hundred Days (1933)

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs, including the WPA, AAA, CCC, and NRA

bank holiday (1933)

a week in March 1933 in which FDR closed big banks in order to reorganize and reopen them safely, in coordination with the Emergency Banking Act; a measure of FDR's first 100 days

repeal of Prohibition (1933)

repealing the 18th amendment via the Beer-Wine Revenue Act and the 21st amendment under FDR; a measure of FDR's first 100 days

fireside chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio as he sat by White House fireplace to ensure the public of bank's safety and other issues; a measure of FDR's first 100 days

Public Works Administration

a New Deal agency that provided funding for job-making infrastructure and construction projects; a measure of FDR's first 100 days to combat unemployment

Harold Ickes

FDR's Secretary of the Interior who headed the Public Works Administration

Civilian Conservation Corps

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects; a measure of FDR's first 100 days to combat unemployment

Tennessee Valley Authority

a New Deal program that provided infrastructure jobs to the rural and impoverished Tennessee Valley; a measure of FDR's first 100 days to combat unemployment

Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933)

a New Deal Act that gave the federal government to power to examine banks and decide when to reopen them (during the bank holiday); a measure of FDR's first 100 days for financial recovery and reform

Glass-Steagall Act (1933)

a New Deal Act that increased bank regulation and limited banks' abilities to make investments; a measure of FDR's first 100 days for financial recovery and reform

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

a New Deal agency that guarantee bank deposits; a measure of FDR's first 100 days for financial recovery and reform

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

a New Deal Agency under Hugh Johnson that temporarily ignored anti-trust laws in order to establish unions and fair wages, working hours, production goals, and prices; a measure of FDR's first 100 days for industrial recovery

Schechter v. US

a 1935 SCOTUS decision that declared the National Recovery Administration (NRA) unconstitutional

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

a New Deal agency established to (1) regulate stocks, (2) decrease speculation, (3) audit companies to protect investors and limit insider trading; a measure of FDR's first 100 days for financial recovery and reform

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

a New Deal agency that insured loans for house building/fixing/buying (for only White people via redlining); a measure of FDR's first 100 days for financial recovery and reform

Harry Hopkins

head of the New Deal's Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Works Progress Administration

a New Deal agency that provided jobs in construction and public arts projects

National Labor Relations Act (1935)

(aka the Wagner Act) a replacement for the National Industry Recovery Act, which was declared unconstitutional, that (1 & 2) permitted unions and collective bargaining and (3) limited anti-labor business practices

Social Security Act (1935)

a New Deal act that automatically collected insurance from pay checks and gave it to retired, unemployed, disabled, or dependent persons

limited welfare state

a system, such as during FDR's presidency, of economic security provided by government regulation of the economy and aid for the poor

modern American liberalism

the belief in a limited welfare state as first imagined in the US by FDR's New Deal

election of 1936

the easy reelection of Franklin D. Roosevelt that changed the face of the Democratic party

New Deal coalition

an alignment of diverse groups dedicated to supporting the Democratic Party after FDR, including African Americans along with Southerners, immigrants, small farmers, unions, and liberals in general

1937-1938 recession

a recession during FDR's second term because of (1) decreased public expenditures due to the Social Security Act and (2) decreased government spending as FDR wanted to balance his previous deficits

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recover fully from depression, the government had to run a deficit to encourage investment and job growth

Father Charles E. Coughlin

a critic of FDR's New Deal and Catholic Priest whose one-popular radio show was canceled over his growing anti-semitism and fascism

Francis E. Townsend

a Californian physician who inspired the Social Security Act after becoming famous for his idea of small federal sales tax that would provide a fund for retirees

Huey Long

a Louisiana Senator who criticized FDR and call for an immediate income redistribution program that would have provided a $5K UBI

Court Reorganization Plan (1937)

FDR's plan to pack the Supreme Court by appointing a judge "for every one over 70.5" since it kept ruling against his programs and he hadn't had a chance to appoint. anyone; rejected by Congress after outrage and the issues became moot points

John L. Lewis

mine workers union president who founded the Congress of Industrial Organizations

Congress of Industrial Organizations

an unskilled and diverse union that split with the White, male, and skilled American Federal of Labor in 1936

sit-down strike

method of boycotting work by refusing to leave so that strikebreakers could not be brought in, such as at the General Motors plant in Flint, MI in 1937 which led to GM's recognition of the United Auto Workers

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

the last and only major reform of FDR's second term that defined (1) a minimum wage, (2) a maximum work week before overtime pay, and (3) child labor restrictions

depression mentality

an attitude of insecurity and economic concern that would remain in those who witnessed the Great Depression, even in times of prosperity.

dust bowl

an era in the 1930s in which the Great Plains lost much of its top soil and therefore yield because of (1) drought, (2) poor farming techniques, and (3) high wind

Okies

dust bowl farmers who moved Westward for migrant farming jobs or other employment

John Steinbeck

author of Grapes of Wrath in 1939 which discussed the lives of dust bowl "Okies"

Marian Anderson

a famous African American concert singer who, in one instance in 1939, was barred from performing by the Daughters of the American Revolution before Eleanor Roosevelt of Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes secured her a separate venue; part of a debacle that provided moral support for the American American community during the Great Depression

Mary McLeod Bethune

an African American advocate for female education who lead the National Youth Administration's Federal Council on Negro Affairs; part of the increase in hirings of African Americans to federal jobs under FDR

Fair Employment Practice Committee

a committee established by a 1941 executive order to increase the about of defense jobs open to minorities in response to a railroad union's threats of organizing a march

A. Philip Randolph

a black railroad union leader who threatened a march to end discrimination in the work place, causing FDR to created the Fair Employment Practice Committee

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

(aka the Wheeler-Howard Act) a act that finally (1) repealed the Dawes Act of 1887 and (2) encouraged reservations, tribes, and cultural preservation

disarmament

reduction of armed forces and weapons, such as the aim of Republican presidntsafter World War I

Washington Conference (1921)

conference of 9 international powers organized by Harding's Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes which resulted in the Five-, Four-, and Nine-Power Treaties

Five-Power (naval) Treaty

a treaty resulting from the Washington Conference that (a) limited the size of naval fleets for US, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy and (b) prohibited US and Great Britain from fortifying their claims in the Pacific

Four-Power (Pacific) Treaty

a treaty resulting from the Washington Conference in which US, Great Britain, France, and Japan agree to respect each other's claims in the Pacific

Nine-Power (China) Treaty

a treaty resulting from the Washington Conference in which all the attending nations agree to an Open Door policy with and respecting China's territory

Kellog-Briand Pact (1928)

an international pact following World War I that limited war to defense, rather than nationalism, but was ineffective due to its lack of reprecussions

reparations

payment for damages after war, specifically those from Germany to Great Britain and France after World War I

Dawes Plan (1924)

Coolidge's VP Charles Dawes' plan to help Germany pay their reparations via American loans and therefore help Great Britain and France pay back their debt

Good Neighbor policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by promising to abandon interventionism

Pan-American conferences

1933 and 1936 mostly between the US and Latin America to help build FDR's Good Neighbor policy

recognition of the Soviet Union

a 1933 diplomacy strategy by FDR during the Great Depression in order to increase trade

Independence of the Philippines

a diplomacy strategy by FDR during the Great Depression by decreasing the presence of US military in the Philippines and gradually freeing it via the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934

reciprocal trade agreements

a diplomacy strategy by FDR's Secretary of State Cordell Hull during the Great Depression that negotiated lower tariffs in order to facilitate international trade

Japanese aggression in Machuria

Japan's invasion of the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931, violating the Nine-Power Treaty and League of Nations Resolution, that had very few repercussions

Stimson Doctrine

the proclamation of Hoover's Secretary of State Henry Stimson that since Japan violated the Nine-Power Treaty, the US would refuse to recognize Japanese "Manchukuo"

Axis powers

the coalition of fascist nations— Germany, Italy, and Japan— during World War II

Benito Mussolini

the fascist dictator of Italy during World War I who appealed to angry veterans, nationalists, and anti-communists

Fascist Party

Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini that emphasized aggressive nationalism

fascism

a political system characterized by the glorification of military and racial superiority by force

Nazi Party

the fascist party of Adolf Hitler in Germany

Adolf Hitler

the leader of the fascist Nazi Party in German in the 1930s and beyond

Spanish Civil War

a 1936 symbolic conflict between fascism under Francisco Franco and Republicanism under the Loyalists

Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death

Ethiopia

a African country invaded by Mussolini's fascist regime in 1935 as a show of military superiority

Rhineland

a region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles until Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936

Sudetenland

a mostly-German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia that Hitler invading with Great Britain and France's "permission" (for appeasement purposes at Munich) in September of 1938

Munich

the German city where Great Britain and France met in 1938 with Germany and the Soviet Union to discuss Hitler's dream of invading Sudetenland

appeasement

Great Britain and France's pre-WW2 policy of allow Germany and other fascist powers to get away with small acts of aggression

Poland

the country that Great Britain and France said they would fight Germany for if they dare invaded

blitzkrieg

Nazi Germany's strategy of a "lightning war" consisting of overwhelming aerial and tank force

Gerald Nye

North Dakota senator whose post-World War I investigative committee declared that World War 1 was caused by greedy bankers and weapons manufacturings, stirring up isolationist sentiment in the US