Motor Control and Motor Learning

Which component of long-term memory is localized to the medial temporal lobes and hippocampus and requires conscious reflection to recall steps during task execution?

Declarative memory

How is motor control defined?

The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

An OT reduces the frequency of verbal feedback given to a client after observing that frequent cues degrade motor learning. OTs tend to use verbal cues every:

14 seconds

A client practicing buttoning a shirt repeatedly over time exhibits automatic performance without conscious thought. Which type of long-term memory is being utilized?

Procedural memory

Which sensory input is considered to be the most important for establishing body awareness regarding position in space and intended movement direction?

Visual input

According to the 3-factor model of motor control, movement is organized around the interaction of which three core components?

Individual, task, environment

A therapist instructing a post-stroke client during a sit-to-stand transition says, "Focus on getting your nose over your toes." This instruction is an example of:

External focus cues

Which motor learning strategy relies on external feedback from the therapist regarding the outcome of the movement relative to the task goal (Knowledge of Results)?

Reinforcement learning

During an OT session, a pediatric client with tactile defensiveness undergoes repeated, controlled exposure to textured materials, resulting in a decreased behavioral response. This process illustrates:

Habituation

A task that has a clearly recognizable beginning and end point, such as picking up a cup, is classified as a:

Discrete task (functional)

In the context of environmental components of motor control, which of the following is considered a non-regulatory feature?

Background noise in a clinic

Praxis consists of which three components?

Ideation, Motor Planning, Execution

Which statement regarding physical versus mental practice in motor learning is accurate?

Mental practice can include observational learning and activates the same neural regions as physical practice

Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) is a clinical application of which motor learning strategy?

Use-dependent learning

Use-dependent motor learning strategies are generally ineffective for clients presenting with:

Lower motor neuron (LMN) injuries, complete motor cortex damage (PD, MS)

When an individual adjusts their reaching movement in response to visual or proprioceptive changes using an internal feedback loop to self-correct errors, they are utilizing:

Sensorimotor adaptation-based learning

Which executive functions produce the simplest coordinated movements by establishing intent?

Volition, planning, and control

A therapist gives specific external feedback regarding a movement error to prompt a client to develop an intentional error-reducing movement strategy. This strategy is best classified as:

Instructive (strategy-based) learning

According to Dr. Karyn Purvis, creating a new synapse in the brain typically requires approximately 400 repetitions, but can be reduced to 10–20 repetitions when integrated with:

Play

Which anatomical structures are primarily associated with nondeclarative (implicit) memory processing?

Reflex pathways, amygdala, cerebellum, and premotor cortex

In motor task analysis, adding a manipulation component to a motor task (e.g., carrying a weighted tray while walking) increases the demand for:

Stability

Which cognitive processes are involved in motor control?

Attention, planning, problem-solving, motivation, and emotion

What is the primary difference between discrete and continuous tasks?

Discrete tasks have a recognizable beginning and end; continuous task endpoints are decided by the performer

Sensory perception in motor control is defined as:

The integration of sensory input into meaningful information about the state of the body

Allowing a client to choose specific parameters of their therapy session (self-controlled practice) leverages which principle of motor learning practice?

Patient choice

Which sensory system provides critical information regarding linear/rotational acceleration, deceleration, and gravity?

Vestibular system

Associative learning, such as learning the relationships required to ride a bicycle, falls under which category of long-term memory?

Nondeclarative (implicit) memory

In clinical rehabilitation, dynamic tasks involving a moving Base of Support (BOS) are typically progressed:

After still BOS tasks have been established

Which component of motor control involves the control of speed and the ability to prevent overflow of movement?

Sequencing and speed

Which of the following best characterizes motor learning compared to motor control?

It cannot be measured directly but is inferred from permanent changes in behavior