College Biology Chapters 6, 7, 27

Prokaryotic cells

Include the domains bacteria and archaea

Eukaryotic cells

Include domain eukarya (animals, fungi, plants, and protists)

Plasma membrane

Forms the boundary for a cell

Smooth ER

Network of membranes and sacs. Functions include synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poison.

Rough ER

Network of membranes and sacs. Ribosomes attached that synthesize proteins

Cytoskeleton

Reinforces cells shape

Peroxisome

Produces hydrogen peroxide

Mitochondria

Where cellular respiration occurs

Lysosome

Digestive organelle using enzymes

Golgi body

Packager

Ribosomes

Make proteins

Nucleolus

Produces ribosomes

Nucleus

Contains most of the cells DNA

Cell wall

In plant cell, made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein

Chloroplast

In plant cells, performs photosynthesis

Central vacuole

In plant cells, storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules

Extracellular Matrix

What’s outside of the cell

Tight Junction

Two neighboring cells are fused, making the membranes water-tight

Desmosomes

Embedding between cell membranes

Gap junctions

Provide channels between cells

Plasmodesmata

In plant cells, channels that perforate adjacent plant cell walls and allow the passage of some molecules from cell to cell

Selectively permeable

Allows substances to cross more easily than others

Cholesterol

Animals need this in their cell membrane to make it more fluid in cold climates

Phospholipids

Provide hydrophobic barrier of cell membrane

Integral proteins

Completely embedded in the membrane

Peripheral proteins

Loosely bound to the membranes surface

Carbohydrates

On the membrane are crucial in cell-cell recognition and developing organisms

Passive transport

Diffusion of a substance across a membrane using no energy

Omsomsis

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

Isotonic solution

Water crosses the membrane at the same rate in both directions

Hypertonic solution

Water is leaving the cell

Hypotonic solution

Water is entering the cell

Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion across the cell membrane with the help of transport proteins

Active transport

Using energy to move substances from less concentrated to more concentrated

Bulk transport

Large molecules are moved across the cell membrane through exocytosis and endocytosis

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which solid particles are brought into the cell

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which fluid is taken into the cell

Peptidoglycans

What makes up a prokaryotes cell wall

Gram-positive

Thick, simpler cell wall with more peptidoglycans

Gram-negative

Thin, structurally complex cell walls

Conjugation

Genes are directly transferred from one prokaryote to another

Photoautotrophs

Photosynthetic, and they use the power of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds

Chemoautotrophs

Use carbon dioxide as their source of carbon, but get energy from oxidizing inorganic substances

Photoheterotrophs

Use light to make ATP but must obtain carbon from an outside source already fixed in organic compounds

Chemoheterotrophs

Disease causing, get both carbon and energy from organic compounds

Obligate Aerobes

Cannot grow without oxygen

Obligate anaerobes

Are poisoned by oxygen

Facultative anaerobes

Use oxygen if it is available

Extremophiles

Live in extreme environments

Extreme Halophiles

Live in saline environments (lots of salt)

Extreme thermophiles

Live in very hot environments

Methanogens

Live in sewers and swamps

Pathogenic

Cause illness by producing poisons

Antibiotics

Chemicals that can kill prokaryotes

Bioremediation

Removing pollution from soil air and water