Water molecule

H2O is made up of

2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom

Hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule is held together by

Polar covalent bonds

Water is _____ molecule

Polar, the uneven sharing of electrons between the atoms that make up the molecule

The polarity of a water molecule has

partial charges - oxygen is slightly negative -hydrogen slightly positive 

Water molecules are held together by

weak hydrogen bonds. +H and -O are together not + H +H nor -O -O

Water exists as ____, ____, ____.

Liquid, gas, soild

Heat causes the molecules (Speed up/slow down)

Cold causes the molecules (Speed up/slow down)

Speed up, slow down

Water freezes at

0´c and 32´f

Salty water freezes at

-1.8 C

Water can evaporate at any temp above ____ but at a faster rate at ____ temps

Freezing, Warnmer

Density equation

Mass/volume

Ocean density is determined by

temperature and salinity

Density of fresh water

1g

Density of saltwater

1.03g

Salty water will sink below freshwater

Cold water is More/less dense than warm

more, water water will go on top of cold

Average salinity of the ocean

35ppt (every 1000g of sea water contains 35g of salt)

Brackish

a mix of salt and freshwater occurs along coastlines

What is a refractometer

Measure salinity

Salt cannot

freeze or evaporate

Freshwater inputs

Rainfall, ice melting, Runoff from land

Fresh water Outputs

Evaporation iceformation

Sea surface Saintliness vary by

latitude

tropical regions have higher saltiness due to?

evaporation, except the equator due to increased cloud cover and rainfall

polar regions have lower saltiness due to

slower rates of evaporation and melting ice

Surface mixed layer

The sun heats the surface waters and wave energy carries heat downward

Thermocline

Layer of rapid temperature decrease where heat energy is quickly lost

Deep layer/cold layer

Point where all heat has been lost and everything deeper than that point is constant at about 2 degrees C continuing down to the bottom regardless of climate at surface

Turbidity

Measure of water clarity

Coastal regions have cloudy regions because?

(higher turbidity) plankton, sediment, bacteria, decaying plants

Open oceans have a high turbidity or lower

lower

Nutrient levels are closest near

coastlines as rivers dump nitrogen and phosphorus into the ocean

Oxygen

-highest near the surface -

sunlight - photosynthesis- more o2 produced transported by ocean currents to deep sea

carbon dioxide

• used up quickly fro photosynthesis

• Adsorbed in atmosphere