Extraction and uses of metals

Where are most metals found and in what form?

Most metals are found in the Earth's crust as ores. Unreactive metals like gold are found as uncombined elements.

How is the method of metal extraction related to its position in the reactivity series?

Above carbon: extracted by electrolysis (e.g., aluminium); Below carbon: extracted by reduction with carbon (e.g., iron).

Give an example of a metal extracted using carbon.

Iron is extracted from iron ore (hematite) using carbon (coke) in a blast furnace.

Give an example of a metal extracted using electrolysis.

Aluminium is extracted from bauxite using electrolysis because it's more reactive than carbon.

What should you be able to do when given information about a metal extraction process?

Comment on the type of extraction used and how it relates to the reactivity of the metal. (Detailed knowledge of exact steps isn't required.)

What are the uses and properties of aluminium?

Uses: Aircraft, cans, power lines; Properties: Low density, corrosion-resistant, good conductor.

What are the uses and properties of copper?

Uses: Electrical wiring, plumbing; Properties: Excellent conductor, malleable.

What are the uses and properties of iron and steel?

Iron: Used for structures. Steel types: Low-carbon (mild): soft, car bodies; High-carbon: hard, tools; Stainless steel: corrosion-resistant, cutlery.

What is an alloy?

An alloy is a mixture of a metal with one or more other elements, usually other metals or carbon.

Why are alloys harder than pure metals?

In alloys, different sized atoms distort the layers, making it harder for them to slide over each other.