spmt 319 exam 2

what are the 2 primary issues that have plagued sport since the beginning?

access and opportunity

access

ability to play sports

opportunity

to access and participate/watch, opportunity around them

consumption of sport is ______ related to wealth/income

positively

“country club” sports

you need a lot of equipment or a certain setting

• golf, polo/equestrian, ice hockey, gymnastics

“playground” sports

at the base level, you don’t need much

• basketball, soccer, football (two hand touch)

public funding for high school athletics has _____

declined

fan cost index

the average cost for a family of four to go to a sporting event

what league has the highest fan cost index?

NFL

what league has the lowest fan cost index?

MLB

social mobility

changes in wealth, education, and occupation over a persons lifetime or from one generation to the next

what is the highest paid state employee in many states?

a state university football coach

myth: sports leads to a free college education

fact: majority do not

myth: college athletics leads to a college degree

fact: pro sports that pay the most have lower graduation rates

myth: pro sports is the best way out of poverty

fact: going to college is better than going pro in sports, there are over 100x more doctors/lawyers than pro athletes

myth: scholarships cover college

fact: a lower number of college athletes got drafted

myth: those who make it to pros play for a long time

fact: 3-5 years is the average pro career

when were youth sports first organized?

late 1800s - early 1900s

most youth sport programs were for:

boys 8-14 years old

today it’s estimated that ____ kids play sports in the US

over 40 million

trends in youth sport today

• alternative and action sports (BMX)

• “performance ethic”- increasingly privatized, was more about community before

• parents increasing “extreme” involvement

informal sport

more child-centered, about play, maximize action, personal expression, self-challenge, fun/enjoyment

• “play” or “game” tiers of pyramid

formal sport

more organized, adult-centered, learn rules/positions/skills/strategies, organized, structured, competition

• ring/trophy on the line, future scholarships

how to improve youth sports

• provide opportunity and support activities without over-involvement and control by adults - letting them do it on their own

• evaluate current programs: are they child-centered? are coaches qualified? sportsmanship points? engage parents (promote responsibility)

benefits of being a multi-sport athlete

• early love of sports

• learn transferable skills and lessons (physical, mental, social)

• balance vs burnout (less burnout bc no hyperfixation on one sport)

sports in the school system is a _______ phenomenon

united states

there are approximately ______ high school student-athletes each year

7-8 million

what were the 3 most popular high school sports early on

baseball, track, rifle

what theory does sport in the school system go with

functionalist theory

what was the first state to have a high school governing body for sport and what year

wisconsin, 1895

when was the UIL created

first decade of the 1900s, “university interscholastic league”, is headquartered at t.u. where the founder was a prof

world wars led to low ______ & ______ for high schools

attendance, graduation rates

toward WWII, more sports were implemented in schools to:

help get young men in shape for war

to play sports in high school you had to be:

enrolled in school and eligible to graduate

what year was title IX established?

1972

title IX applies to:

any educational opportunity (not just sport)

how was the interactionist theory tied to high school sports?

gave identity and status to athletes

selection process

• self-selection

• coach-selection

• eligibility requirements

self-selection

student has to decide to try out

coach-selection

student has to be picked by coach

eligibility requirements

GPA and attendance

when and what was the first intercollegiate event?

1852, harvard vs. yale rowing at lake winnipesaukee

when was the first football game?

1869, rutgers vs. princeton

what are nicknamed “the front porch” and why

athletic departments, athletics were the first experience many had with a university

what year did harvard nearly ban football

1887, didn’t because of pressure from donors/alumni

what year did the 4 ivy leagues (harvard, yale, princeton, columbia) make a football association

1876

when was the big 10 founded

1890s

after a RB from union in their NYU game died from an injury, who was devoted to creating a solution

NYU chancellor McCracken and president teddy roosevelt in 1905

what year was the IAAUS formed and what year did it change to the NCAA

1906, 1910

what year was the carnegie report and what was it

1929

investigation to see what the state of college athletics was like, but a lot of the same things were happening (safety issues, corruption, amateurism, gambling)

“death penalty”

kills the program, cancels seasons/home games

what year was the knight commission and what was it

1989, another external investigation, educational mission, institutional control and leadership

what happened in 2021

NIL introduced, transfer rules changed

special admissions

universities look at factors like learning disabilities

• athletics use this to their advantage, ~10% of student athletes get in through special admissions

what is APR

academic progress rate: every college athletic program gets a score, more points if athletes are eligible and at the school

what is GSR

graduation success rate: looks at whether or not you graduate within six years (whether at one school or many)

40-60-80 rule

have to be 40% done after sophomore year, 60% done junior year, 80% done senior year

• fake majors were made for student athletes

when was the college athletic economic freedom act

february 4th, 2021

when did the NCAA approve new NIL policy

july 1, 2021

when was the house v. ncaa settlement

2024, athletes can now be given money directly from universities (have pot of ~$20 million that can be given out to student athletes)

when did the transfer portal open

2019, players can go anywhere anytime

race

a population of people who are believed biologically distinct (based on exterior characteristics) from one another [skin color]

ethnicity

a cultural heritage that people use to identify a particular population (cultural/national/religious affiliation)

racial ideology

ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning (explanation) to differences in people based on surface-level characteristics [like skin color]

categorizing leads to

• stereotypes- simplify world around us

• bias and prejudice- positive toward people like us

• discrimination (racism)- treating people differently

individual racism

interpersonal dislike and prejudice

institutional racism

policies and practices entrenched in cultural and societal institutions (jim crow laws, negro leagues)

what year was the sports illustrated “what happened to the white athlete?”

1997

what year was the ESPN OTL “what happened to the white NBA player?”

2010

who was america’s “native” son

jim thorpe

sex

biological (scientific construct)

gender

identity (social construct)

sports have historically been

male-dominated and male-identified

male-dominated

created by males, for males? power and qualifications means possessing “masculine” characteristics (aggressiveness, strong)

male-identified

most sports are assumed to involve or be about men unless specifically noted

three-prong test

1. proportionality: student athlete pop must be proportionate of student body

2. historical progression: overtime schools can add sports to move toward proportionality

3. accommodation of interests: representing interests of the underrepresented sex

religion

set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and/or worship which influence attitudes, behaviors, and values, and are used as a source of meaning and purpose in life

spirituality

being connected to one’s self and the universe and/or a higher power

functionalist theory as religion in sport

role of religion in sport and vice versa (young men’s christian association YMCA)

interactionist theory as religion in sport

how do people give meaning to, and experience, sport through religion

buddhism

love of wisdom and understanding, don’t focus on competitive nature

hinduism

transcending self, doesn’t emphasize competitiveness in sport, yoga

shinto

the way of the gods, sumo wrestling

islam

submission to allah’s will, no direct tie to sport but if it pleases allah its good, ramadan fasting during playoffs, muhammad ali (changed name when converted)

judaism

sports and struggle, sandy cofax

christianity

sports with a purpose, promote spiritual growth & share faith, YMCA, salvation army, fca, notre dame, tim tebow

sport can be a strategy to grow in faith, and share faith: what theory is this

functionalism

religion gives individuals in sport hope, purpose, an identity of something to believe in that is bigger than oneself: what theory is this

interactionism