industrial revolution

industrialization

machines replacing human production and artisanal manufacturing

led to specialization and urbanization (people needed jobs)

cost of labor and goods decreased

industrial revolution

socioeconomic revolution across the world that included the development of machinery and technology

made possible in britain by abundance of natural resources/territories, political stability and incentivized production of ideas

led to overcrowded cities and many factories

agricultural revolution

the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in britain

advancements in agricultural techniques (crop rotation, selective breeding of livestock)

led to cheaper food prices and population growth

the enclosure movement

government attempt to tax landowners proportionally

drew property borders and created stone walls

government buys out small farms (land shrinks over time)

led to people moving to cities and urbanization

transportation revolution

development of railroads, steamships, and telegraph

made transportation and communication much easier

railroads priced at 1 cent/mile

global trade and wealth extraction increased

positive impacts

fostered technological advancements

increased standard of living for some

improved manufacturing methods

increased availability, variety, and affordability of goods

negative impacts

disparity between the have and have-nots

awful working conditions

rise of global inequality

communism

began with karl marx and the communist manifesto (calling for a violent revolution, overthrow of the bourgeois, and redistribute wealth until there is no purpose for money)

wanted no social classes or wealth disparity

resources distributed equally among society

urbanization

the growth of cities and movement of people into those cities looking for work

led to pollution, poverty, crime, disease, and housing shortages

bourgeoisie

middle class workers

skilled professionals, business tycoons, managers

have leisure time and suburbanization

proletariat

working class

factory and mine workers

poor working conditions and long hours

socialism

social system where government is involved in businesses for regulatory reasons

private companies become publicly owned by the people

wealth is distributed more evenly (not exactly) through taxation

private property still possible

reform

labor unions that demanded better hours/conditions/pay

collective bargaining (negotiations between workers and managers)

• ex. striking

organized strikes to demand higher pay and better conditions

four waves of the industrial revolution

1: mechanical production and railroads

2: mass production and electrical power

3: automated production and electronics

4: ai and robotics

leisure

made possible by fixed hours and increased pay

income for consumption instead of necessity

rise of travel and sports

luddites

english weavers that attacked textile machinery

thought it undermined their employment and social status

fighting against industrial capitalism, not the actual machines