Large and Small Animal Administration and Diagnostic Sampling

Flashcards covering medication administration, catheterization, venipuncture, diagnostic sampling, and procedural guidelines for both large and small animals.

Mineral Oil Drenching Hazard

Mineral oil must NEVER be administered via drench because inhalation can be fatal.

Drench (Dose Syringe) Procedure

Method of oral administration in which the syringe tip is inserted into the interdental space and medication is slowly depressed to dribble onto the tongue.

Equine Lateral Cervical IM Injection Site

Triangular space bordered dorsally by the nuchal ligament, ventrally by the cervical vertebrae, and about a hand's width in front of the cranial border of the scapula.

Equine Lateral Cervical IM Maximum Volume

Small volumes of less than $10\,mL$ should be delivered per injection site.

Equine Semimembranosus/Semitendinosus IM Injection

Injected on the caudal aspect of the hind limb using an $18\text{ to }19\text{-gauge}$, $1.5\text{-inch}$ needle, administering up to $10\text{ to }15\,mL$ per site.

Equine Gluteal IM Muscle Site

Largest muscle mass on hindquarters accommodating large volumes, but rarely chosen because inflammation caused by repeated injections is difficult to detect.

Bovine IM Administration Guidelines

Highly discouraged due to meat consumption; maximum of $10\,mL$ is administered at any one time, restricted strictly to neck muscles.

Ovine and Caprine Adult IM Needle Size

An $18\text{ to }20\text{-gauge}$, $1\text{-inch}$ needle used for adult sheep and goats.

Ovine and Caprine IM Site Restrictions

Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and shoulder muscles are avoided in meat animals to prevent tissue damage, and the sciatic nerve must be avoided.

Porcine Adult IM Needle Size

A $16\text{ to }20\text{-gauge}$, $1.5\text{-inch}$ needle used to penetrate thick skin and subcutaneous body fat.

Porcine Piglet IM Needle Size

A $20\text{-gauge}$, $1.5\text{-inch}$ needle used for intramuscular administration in young pigs.

Porcine Cervical IM Injection Site

Cervical neck muscles located caudal and ventral to the ear.

Tuberculosis Testing Site in Cattle, Goats, and Sheep

Intradermal injection administered into the caudal tail fold.

Bovine Tuberculosis Test Needle Size

A $20\text{ to }22\text{-gauge}$, $1.5\text{-inch}$ needle in cattle, and a $25\text{ to }22\text{-gauge}$, $0.5\text{ to }1\text{-inch}$ needle in calves.

Intramammary Administration Procedure

Completely milk out udder, clean teats with teat dip, dry with individual cloths, wipe with alcohol-soaked sponge, infuse, occlude tip, and gently massage.

Topical Ophthalmic Administration Sequence

When applying both an ophthalmic solution and an ointment, apply the solution before the ointment.

Subpalpebral Lavage System

Ocular lavage system where narrow rubber tubing is inserted through eyelid incisions directly into the conjunctival sac.

Nasolacrimal Lavage System

Ocular lavage system where a tube is inserted into the nasal punctum and passed through a small stab wound in the nares.

Equine Venipuncture Sites

Jugular, cephalic, transverse facial, and lateral thoracic veins.

Bovine Venipuncture Sites

Jugular and coccygeal veins.

Small Ruminant Venipuncture Sites

Jugular, cephalic, and saphenous veins.

Equine IV Injection Needle Size

An $18\text{ to }20\text{-gauge}$, $1.5\text{-inch}$ needle used in the jugular vein.

Equine Cephalic IV Catheter Dimensions

A $14\text{ to }16\text{-gauge}$, $3.25\text{ to }5.25\text{-inch}$ catheter inserted proximal to the carpus and directed upward.

Bovine Routine IV Injection Needle Size

A $16\text{ to }18\text{-gauge}$, $1.5\text{-inch}$ needle used primarily in the jugular vein.

Transverse Facial Vein Sampling Landmark

Intersect imaginary lines from the medial and lateral canthus at the facial crest, inserting the needle just below the facial crest.

Arterial Blood Sample Diagnostic Parameters

Evaluates oxygen content, carbon dioxide content, pH, base deficit, and bicarbonate on a blood gas analyzer to assess respiratory status.

Arterial Blood Collection Anticoagulant

Lithium or sodium heparin ($1000\,U/mL$) used to coat the syringe barrel.

Equine Arterial Sampling Sites

Facial, transverse facial, carotid, and metatarsal arteries.

Bovine Arterial Sampling Sites

Transverse facial, carotid, auricular, dorsal, and metatarsal arteries.

Foal Metatarsal Arterial Sampling Restraint

Facilitated by restraining the foal's hind leg between the technician's knees.

Equine Voluntary Urine Collection Methods

Placing in a freshly bedded stall, running water on cement, tickling the prepuce or vulva, or standing up recumbent neonates.

California Mastitis Test (CMT)

Test using a white plastic paddle with four cups ($A$ to $D$) mixing equal volumes of milk and reagent to grade gel formation.

CMT Score 0 Definition

Result indicating no gel formation during the California Mastitis Test.

CMT Score Trace Definition

Result where a precipitate forms but disappears with continued movement of the sample.

CMT Score 1 Definition

Result where the first visible precipitate does not disappear with continued movement.

CMT Score 2 Definition

Result where gel-mixture moves toward the center of the cup, leaving the bottom outer edge exposed.

CMT Score 3 Definition

Result forming an egg yolk type clot that sticks to the bottom of the test paddle plate.

Colostrometer Sample Volume Requirement

Requires $5\text{ to }10\,mL$ of colostrum after washing the mare's udder with gentle soap, warm water, and soft cotton.

Bovine Rumen Fluid Speculum Options

Frick speculum, PVC pipe speculum, block of wood with center hole, or a roll of tape (in sheep and goats).

Rumen Tube Placement Verification Methods

Palpating two tubular structures in neck, visualizing tube in esophagus, blowing to listen for gurgles over rumen, or smelling fermented gas.

Rumen Tube Removal Technique

Kink the tube and withdraw in a smooth downward motion to prevent rumen contents from leaking into the trachea.

Large Animal Thoracocentesis Location

Ventral portion of the $6\text{th}$ and $7\text{th}$ intercostal space, $10\text{ to }12\,cm$ dorsal to the olecranon, above the lateral thoracic vein.

Equine Percutaneous Transtracheal Aspiration Site

Midline of the neck directly over the trachea, approximately one-third down the neck.

Equine Abdominocentesis Ventral Midline Location

Lowest portion of the abdomen on the ventral midline, $2\text{ to }4\text{ inches}$ caudal to the xiphoid.

Equine Paramedian Abdominocentesis Location

Paramedian position $1\text{ to }2\text{ inches}$ to the right of midline to reduce the likelihood of tapping the spleen.

Bovine Hardware Disease Abdominocentesis Site

Located just caudal to the xiphoid and to the right of midline.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Tap Complications

Trauma to the spinal cord, herniation of the cerebellum, infection of the meninges, and death.

Cranial Epidural Location

Lumbosacral junction between $L6$ and $S1$.

Caudal Epidural Location

Located between $S5$ and $C1$ or between $C1$ and $C2$.

Foal Meconium Enema Solutions

Warm water, gentle soap, or mineral oil administered to assist in passing meconium.

Small Animal Liquid Oral Administration Route

Administered into the pouch formed by pulling the lower lip at the commissure while holding the muzzle at a neutral angle.

Pilling Syringe Procedure

Tablet is secured in the tip, inserted into the back of the mouth, and the plunger is depressed to propel the pill down the esophagus.

Orogastric Tube (OGT) Length Measurement

Measured from the tip of the nose to the $13\text{th}$ rib for stomach placement, or to the $8\text{th}$ rib for distal esophagus placement.

Orogastric Tube Withdrawal Technique

Tube is bent to occlude it and then withdrawn in a downward direction to prevent fluid aspiration.

Transdermal Analgesic Patch

Fentanyl citrate self-adhesive patch placed on shaved, dry skin to deliver systemic analgesia.

Topical Venipuncture Local Anesthetics

Creams containing lidocaine or prilocaine applied to desensitize skin $30\text{ to }60\text{ minutes}$ prior to venipuncture.

Small Animal Aural Administration Procedure

Grasp pinna and pull upward and slightly laterally, insert tip into ear canal, squeeze medication, and massage ear base.

Intrarectal Tablet Placement Depth

Inserted with a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum at least $5\,cm$ deep.

Intrarectal Liquid Medication Placement Depth

Administered via a lubricated short rubber feeding tube or urinary catheter inserted $8\text{ to }10\,cm$ into the rectum.

Intranasal Vaccine Examples

Formulated for Feline Infectious Peritonitis, Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis-Calici-Panleukopenia, and Bordetella bronchiseptica.

Intranasal Status Epilepticus Administration

Diazepam administered intranasally when intravenous access is unavailable during status epilepticus.

Intradermal Injection Volume and Equipment

Injection of $0.1\,mL$ of allergen or local anesthetic into the dermis using a $25\text{ to }27\text{-gauge}$ needle on a $1\,mL$ syringe.

Feline Subcutaneous Vaccine Location Rule

Administered as distally on the extremity as possible, avoiding the intrascapular region due to risk of vaccine-induced tumors.

Epaxial IM Injection Site Location

Lumbosacral musculature located lateral to the dorsal spinous processes.

Heartworm Treatment IM Injection Site

Deep lumbar injections in the third to fifth lumbar region ($L3\text{ to }L5$).

Small Animal IM Neck Injections Rule

The neck is NEVER used for intramuscular injections in dogs and cats.

Canine Intravenous Access Veins

Cephalic and lateral saphenous veins.

Feline Intravenous Access Veins

Cephalic, medial saphenous, and femoral veins.

Winged Needle (Butterfly) Catheter

Short-term IV catheter with plastic wings used for blood collection or nonirritating medication administration.

Over-the-Needle (OTN) Catheter

Peripheral vein catheter fitted outside over a steel needle, where the needlepoint extends beyond the catheter.

Through-the-Needle (TTN) Catheter

Catheter used primarily in the jugular vein equipped with a plastic protective sleeve and needle guard.

Multilumen IV Catheter

Catheter containing $2\text{ to }3$ lumens allowing simultaneous infusions at one site, placed percutaneously with a guidewire.

Equine Adult Over-the-Needle IV Catheter Size

A $14\text{-gauge}$, $5.25\text{-inch}$ catheter placed in the jugular vein following local lidocaine injection ($2\,mL$).

Equine Neonate IV Catheter Size

A $16\text{-gauge}$, $3.25\text{-inch}$ catheter used for neonates, small ponies, or miniature horses.

IV Catheter Maximum Recommended Dwell Time

Recommended not to leave a catheter in place longer than $72\text{ hours}$.

IV Catheter Flushing Frequency

Flushed with heparinized saline every $4\text{ hours}$ when not in continuous use.

Chemotherapy IV Catheter Flush Solution

Sterile, nonheparinized $0.9\%$ saline solution.

Intratracheal Drug Administration Flush

Forceful injection followed immediately by $10\,mL$ of air or $3\text{ to }10\,mL$ of sterile saline solution.

Intraosseous Catheter/Needle Sizes

$15\text{ to }18\text{-gauge}$ bone marrow needles with stylets in adults, or $18\text{ to }22\text{-gauge}$ hypodermic needles in neonates.

Intraosseous Access Sites

Tibia, femur, humerus, and occasionally the iliac wing or ischium.

Small Animal Venipuncture Needle Size (Cats & Small Dogs)

$22\text{-gauge}$ needle.

Small Animal Venipuncture Needle Size (Large Dogs & Farm Animals)

$20\text{-gauge}$ or $18\text{-gauge}$ needle.

Coagulation Profile Sampling Needles

$25\text{ to }28\text{-gauge}$ needles used with first-attempt penetration to minimize tissue fluid contamination.

Anticoagulant Tube Fill Volume Rule

Tubes must be at least half filled with blood to ensure proper blood-to-anticoagulant ratio.

Marginal Ear Vein Collection Indications and Technique

Ear pinna is warmed, wiped with alcohol, and nicked with a $25\text{-gauge}$ needle or lancet to check for erythroparasites or blood glucose.

Small Animal Arterial Sampling Sites

Dorsal metatarsal artery, femoral artery, and sublingual artery.

Post-Arterial Puncture Hemostasis Monitoring

Apply digital pressure for $1\text{ minute}$, then monitor for bleeding or hematoma for $4$ additional minutes.

Arterial Catheterization Primary Site

Dorsal metatarsal artery, used for continuous direct arterial blood pressure monitoring and repeat arterial sampling.

Sterile Urine Culture Collection Method

Cystocentesis (percutaneous aspiration of urine from the bladder).

Urine Sample Analysis and Storage Guidelines

Analyze within $30\text{ minutes}$ at room temperature, or refrigerate in an airtight container and return to room temperature before testing.

Feline Voluntary Urine Collection Setup

Clean, dry, empty litter box containing non-absorbable beads.

Small Animal Thoracocentesis Position

Performed with the animal comfortably restrained in sternal recumbency.

Small Animal Abdominocentesis False Negative Management

Due to high false negative rates, diagnostic peritoneal lavage may be indicated if abdominocentesis is negative.

Transtracheal Wash Diagnostic Indications

Evaluates lower airway and lung disease, acute bronchopneumonia, microorganisms, parasite eggs or larvae, and neoplastic cells.

Transtracheal Wash Small Animal Techniques

Two-catheter system, through-the-needle catheter, or sterile endotracheal tube.

Arthrocentesis Carpus Joint Position

Carpus joint is held in flexion.

Arthrocentesis Tarsus Joint Position

Tarsus (hock) joint is held in partial flexion at $90^\circ$ with metatarsals and tibia.

Arthrocentesis Stifle Joint Position

Stifle joint is held in partial flexion.

Small Animal Bone Marrow Aspiration Sites

Wing of the ilium, greater tubercle of the proximal humerus, and trochanteric fossa of the femur.

Bone Marrow Aspirate Diagnostic Timing Requirement

A complete blood count (CBC) and reticulocyte count must be performed within $24\text{ hours}$ before or after the procedure.